Prog – Paphos

Prog

1. IsepharOM , Exodus 8:2–14. Psalms 78:45 105:30 one of the plagues of Egypt. 2. batrachoa (Gr.), Revelation 16:13, 14. a type of uncleanness. The edible frog and the little green tree-frog are both common all over the Holy Land. E. W. G. Mastebman.

Phasae

Phasae ii, Hebod the Gbeat, Joseph. Fheboras, Salome, m.

d. in cap- d. B.C. 4; m. d. B.C. 5; 1. Joseph.

t i V i t y, m. a. low- 2. Costobarua.

B.C. 40. b o r n w o- 3. Alexas.

man.

I. Doris. A n tx pat e b, put to death,

B.C. 4. II. Mari a mme, granddaughter of HyrcanuB ii. III. Mariamme, daughter of S i m o n the high priest. IV. Malthace, a Samaritan. V. Cleopatra, of Jerusalem.

Abistobtjlus, A l exander, Salampbi o, C tp bos, Herod Philip, Archelaus, Herod Antipab, Olympiab, P h i l i p, put to death, B.C. 6; m. B e r e n i c e, daughter of Salome. put to death, B.C. 6; m. Glaph yra, daughter of A rc helaus, king of Cappadocia. m. Phasael, her cousin. m. Antipater, s o n o f Salome.

Herodias, who divorced him. k i n g o f J u d £e a , B. c. 4 ; d e p o s e d and d. in e x i l e; m. G l aphyra, widow of Alexander. t e t ra r c h o f G al i l e e an d Persea; d. in e x i l e a t L y o n s; m. H e r o d i a s, wife of Herod Philip. 771. Joseph, tetrarchof her cousin. Ituraea. Herod Agrippa, d. a.d. 44; 7n. Cypros, daughter of Phasael

and Salampsio.

Herodias, tn.

1. Herod Philip.

2. Herod Antipas. Aristobttlus, m. Jotape, a pri n c ess of Erne H e r o d, king of Chalcis, d. a.d. 48.

Alexander.

TiGRANEa,

king of Armenia.

Salome. Herod Agrippa ii., king of Chalcis, d. A.D. 90 (86?).

Mariamme.

Berenice, m. 1. Herod, king of

Chalcia.

2. Polemon, king

of Fontus.

Drusilla, m. Drustjb,

1, Azizus, king d. young.

of Kmesa.

2. Felix. Agrippa, d, A.D. 79.

TlGRANES,

king of Armenia. Alexander, king of Cilicia. by the Jews with open arms. He continued to hold the Imperial favour, and his territory was expanded until his rule had a wider range than that of his grandfather. His reign was the Indian summer of Judaism. Even the Pharisees thought well of him. When he was at Eome he lived as one who knew Rome well. But in Jerusalem he wore his Judaism as a garment made to order. He was quite willing to gratify the Jews by putting leading Christians to death (Acts 12). In high favour both at Jerusalem and at Rome, he seemed to be beyond attack. But the veto put on his proposal to rebuild the walls of his capital showed clearly that he was on very thin ice. And the pagan streak in him was sure, sooner or later, to come to light. The story of his death, wherein the Book of Acts (12:20–23) and Josephus (Ant. xix. viii. 2) substantially agree, brings this out. At Csesarea he paraded himself before a servile multitude as if he were a little Caesar, a god on earth. Smitten by a terrible disease, he died in great agony (a.d. 42). Jews and Christians alike looked on his end as a fitting punishment for his heathenism. The house of Herod was ‘half-Jew’ to the last.

7. Herod Agrippa II., son of the last named, before whom St. Paul delivered the discourse contained in Acts 26.

[The genealogical table will bear out the opinion that Herod and his family brought into history a very considerable amount of vigour and ability.]

Henry S. Nash.

Paarai

See Naarai.

Pace

See Weights and MEAsmiEa.

Pachon

(month). See Time.

Paddan, Paddan-aram

Paddan, paddan-aram (the former in Genesis 48:7 only). — The name used by P for the region (or a part of it) designated by J Aram-Naharaim (see Aram): see Genesis 28:2, 5, 7 31:18 33:18 35:9, 26 46. Padanu in Assyr. denotes a measure of land (cf. ‘field of Aram’ in Hos. 12:12).

Paddle

Paddle occurs only In Deuteronomy 23:13, where it is used of a wooden tool for digging, a spade. In earlier English a small spade used for cleaning the plough-share was called a ‘paddle,’ which explains the choice of this word in the Geneva Bible, whence it reached AV and EV.

Padon

A family of Nethinim who returned with Zerub., Ezra 2:44 =Neh 7; called in 1 Esdras 5:29 Phaleas.

Pagiel

Chief of the tribe of Asher (Numbers 1:13 2:27 7:72, 77 10»«).

Pahath-moab

The name of a Jewish clan which consisted of two branches, Jeshua and Joab. Part of it returned with Zerubbabel, part with Ezra, and part remained in Babylon. The word has been read to mean ‘governor of Moab,’ and referred to a dominion once exercised over Moab. It is, however, more probable that we have a corrupted text. See Ezra 2:6 8:4, Nehemiah 7:11) in 1 Esdras 5:11 8:31 Phaath Moab

Palestine

1. Situation and name.— The land of Palestine is the territory which lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the Arabian Desert as E. and W. boundaries and whose N. and S. boundaries may be approximately stated at 31° and 33° 20’ N. Lat. respectively. These boundaries have not always been clearly fixed; but the convention is generally agreed upon that Palestine is separated from Egypt by the Wady eU ‘Arish or’ River. of Egypt,’ and from Syria by the Kasmlyeh or Litani River, the classical Leontes. Biblical writers fixed the limits of the territory by the towns Dan and Beersheba, which are constantly coupled when the author desires to express in a picturesque manner that a certain event affected the whole of the Israelite country (e.g. Judges 20:1). . The name ‘Palestine’ [AV in Joel 3:4; in Exodus 15:14, Isaiah 14:29, 31 Palestina; RV Philistia], being derived from that of the Philistines, properly belongs only to the strip of coast-land south of Carmel, which was the ancient territory of that people. There is no ancient geographical term covering the whole region now known as Palestine: the different provinces — Canaan, Judah, Israel, Moab, Edom, etc. — are enumerated separately when necessary. The extension of the word to include the entire Holy Land, both west and east of the Jordan, is subsequent to the introduction of Christianity.

2. Geology and geography. — The greater part of the country is of a chalky limestone formation, which

, TT J J ,, ^,1 F’ "^"S^j I overlies a layer of red sandstone that appears on the PAI. — The capital city of Hadad (1 Ch.) or Hadar t,, „,,„„ „f t^^ t-iooH ho, onH <.i=ov.7horo TTnMor t.ha (Gn.) (1 Chronicles 1:50). In the parallel passage, Genesis 36:39. the name occurs in the form Pau. The site is unknown.

Painfulness

In Psalms 73:16 ‘When I thought to know this, it was too painful for me’ as well as in 2 Esdras 7:12. 2 Maccabees 2:26 ‘painful’ means ‘laborious’: and so ‘painfulness’ in 2 Corinthians 11:27 means ‘laboriousness.’ Hooker says, ‘The search of knowledge is a thing painful, and the painfulness of knowledge is that which maketh the will so hardly inclinable thereto.’

Paint, Painting

See Eye, Art.

Palace

Primarily ‘palace’ denotes simply a large house; so the Egyptian royal title Pharaoh or Palace (cf. Sublime Porte) means ‘great house’; and the ordinary OT term for ‘palace,’ in its strict sense of "royal residence,’ is ‘the king’s house’ or ‘his house,’ 1 Kings 7:1 O"". The only royal residence of which we have any details in the Bible is Solomon’s palace, 1 Kings 7:1–12, which took thirteen years to build. This included the ‘House of the Forest of Lebanon,’ a great hall, 100 cubits long, 50 broad, 30 high, with four rows of pillars; a ‘porch of pillars,’ 50 cubits by 30; the ‘porch of the throne’ for a court of justice; a dwelling-house for himself, and another for Pharaoh’s daughter. Round about the whole was a great court of hewn stones and cedar beams.

In Egypt the palace was not only the royal residence, but also the seat of government. The royal apartments were in an inner, the halls of audience in an outer, court. If we include all the buildings required for courtiers and ofBcials, the ‘palace’ becomes not a house, but a royal city. A characteristic feature was a balcony on which the king would show himself to his people.

The Assyrian and Babylonian palaces were large and magnificent. In Babylonia, the palaces, like the temples, were built on the top of artificial mounds of crude bricks; and were groups of buildings forming a great fortress.

Palal

The son of Uzai (Nehemiah 3:25).

Palestina

See next art., § 1. E. shore of the Dead Sea and elsewhere. Under the red sandstone are the archsean granitic rocks which form a large part of the Sinai Peninsula. Above the chalk is a layer of nummulitic limestone, which appears on some mountains. Volcanic rock, the result of ancient eruptions, appears in the Hauran, Galilee (especially in the neighbourhood of Safed), and elsewhere. For fuller information on the geology of the country, see art. Geolooy. With respect to the surface, Palestine divides naturally into a series of narrow strips of country running from north to south, and differing materially from one another in character, (a) The first of these is the Maritime Plain running along the coast of the Mediterranean from the neighbourhood of Sidon and Tyre southward, and disappearing only at the promontory of Carmel. This plain widens southward from Carmel to a maximum breadth of about 20 miles, while to the north of that promontory it develops into the great plain of Esdraelon, which intersects the mountain region and affords the most easy passage into the heart of the country. This plain is covered with a most fertile alluvial soil. (6) The second strip is the mountainous ridge of Judaea and Samaria, on the summit of which are Hebron, Jerusalem, and other important towns and villages; and which, with the single interruption of the piain of Esdraelon, runs continuously from the south border of the country to join the system of the Lebanon, (c) The third strip Is the deep depression known as the GhSr, down which runs the Jordan with its lakes, (d) The fourth strip is the great plateau of Bashan, Moab, and Edom, with a lofty and precipitous face towards the west, and running eastward till it is lost in the desert.

3. Water supply, climate, natural products. — There is no conspicuous river in Palestine except the Jordan and its eastern tributaries, and these, being for the greater part of their course in a deep hollow, are of little or no service for Irrigation. In consequence, Palestine is dependent as a whole for its water supply on springs, or on artificial means of storage of its winter rains. Countless examples of both exist, the former especially in Galilee, parts of which are abundantly fertile by nature, and would probably repay beyond all expectation a Judicious expenditure o( capital. The case of Judsea is a little different, for here there are extensive tracts which are nearly or quite waterless, and are more or less desert in consequence.

The climate of Palestine is, on the whole, that of the sub-tropical zone, though, owing to the extraordinary variation of altitudes, there is probably a greater range of average local temperature than in any other region of its size on the world’s surface. On the one hand, the summits of Hermon and of certain peaks of the Lebanon are covered with snow for the greater part of the year; on the other hand, the tremendous depression, in the bottom of which lies the Dead Sea, is practically tropical, both in climate and in vegetation. The mean local temperature is said to range from about 62° F. in the upland district to almost 100° F. in the region of Jericho.

Rainfall is confined to the winter months of the year. Usually in the end of October or November the rainy season is ushered in with a heavy thunderstorm, which softens the hard-baked surface of the land. This part of the rainy season is the ‘former rain’ of the Bible (as in Joel 2:23). Ploughing commences immediately after the rains have thus begun. The following months have heavy showers, alternating with days of beautiful sunshine, till March or April, when the ‘latter rain’ falls and gives the crops their final fertilization before the commencement of the dry season. During tUs part of the year, except by the rarest exception, no rain falls: its place is supplied by night dews, which in some years are extraordinarily heavy. Scantiness of the rainfall, however, is invariably succeeded by poverty or even destruction of the crops, and the rain is watched for as anxiously now as it was in the time of Ahab.

Soon after the cessation of the rains, the wild flowers, which in early spring decorate Palestine like a carpet, become rapidly burnt up, and the country assumes an appearance of barrenness that gives no true idea of its actual fertility. The dry summer is rendered further unpleasant by hot east winds, blowing from over the Arabian Desert, which have a depressing and enervating effect. The south wind is also dry, and the west wind damp (cf. 1 Kings 18:45. Luke 12:54). The north wind, which blows from over the Lebanon snows, is always cold, often piercingly so.

As already hinted, the flora displays an extraordinary range and richness, owing to the great varieties of the climate at different points. The plants of the S. and of the Jordan Valley resemble those found in Abyssinia or in Nubia: those of the upper levels of Lebanon are of the kinds peculiar to snow-clad regions. Wheat, barley, millet, maize, peas, beans, lentils, olives, figs, mulberries, vines, and other fruit; cotton, nuts of various species; the ordinary vegetables, and some (such as solanum or ‘egg-plant’) that do not, as a rule, find their way to western markets; sesame, and tobacco — which is grown in some districts — are the most characteristic crops produced by the country. The prickly pear and the orange, though of compara^ lively recent introduction, are now among its staple products. The fauna includes (among wild animals) the bat, hysena, wolf, jackal, wild cat, ibex, gazelle, wild boar, hare, and other smaller animals. The bear is now confined to Hermon, and possibly one or two places in Lebanon; the cheetah is rare, and the Hon (1 Samuel 17:34, 1 Kings 13:24 etc.) is extinct. So also is the hippopotamus, bones of which have been found in excavations. Among wild birds we may mention the eagle, vulture, stork, and partridge: there is a great variety of smaller birds. Snakes and lizards abound, and crocodiles are occasionally to be seen in the Nakr en-Zerka near Csesarea. The domesticated animals are the camel, cow, buffalo (only in the Jordan Valley), sheep, horse, donkey, swine (only among Christians), and domestic fowl. The dog can scarcely be called domesticated: it is kept by shepherds for their flocks, but otherwise prowls about the streets of towns and villages seeking a living among the rubbish thrown from the houses.

4. History, races, antiquities.— The earliest dawn of history in Palestine has left no trace in the country itself, so far as we can tell from the limited range of excavations hitherto carried out. There was, however, a Babylonian supremacy over the country in the fourth millennium b.c, of which the records left by the kings of Agade speak. These records are as yet only imperfectly known, and their discussion in a short article like the present would be out of place. A very full account of all that is as yet known of these remote waifs of history will be found in L. B. Baton’s excellent History of Syria and Palestine.

About B.C. 3000 we first reach a period where excavation in Palestine has some information to give. It appears that the inhabitants were then still in the neolithic stage of culture, dwelling in caves, natural or artificial. The excavation of Gezer has shown that the site of that city was occupied by an extensive community of this race. They were non-Semitic; but as they practised cremation, the bones were too much destroyed to make it possible to assign them, to their proper place among the Mediterranean races. Further discoveries may ultimately lead to this question being settled. It is possible that the Horit^ of Genesis 14:6 and elsewhere may have been the survivofELOt this race.

About B.C. 2500 the first Semitic ;settlers seem to have estabhshed themselves in the • country. These were the people known to Bible students as Canaanites or Amorites. The success of atternpts that have been made to distinguish these names, as indicating two separate stocks must be considered doubtful, and it is perhaps safer to treat the two names as synonymous. About B.C. 2000, as appears by^the reference to ‘Amraphel, king of Shlnar’ ( = Hamihurabi), occurred the battle of the four kings and five recorded in Genesis 14 — the first event on Palestinian soU of which a Palestinian record is preserved.

The dominion of Egypt over S. Palestine, or at least the influence of Egyptian civilization, must early have been felt, though no definite records of Egyptian conquest older than Tahutmes lu. (about b.c. 1500) have come to light. But scarabs and other objects referable to the Usertesens (about b.c. 2800-2500, according to the opinions of various ohronologists) are not infrequently found in excavations, which speak of close intercourse between the Canaanites and the civilization of the Nile valley. Of the Canaanites very extensive remains yet await the spade of the excavator in the mounds that cover the remains of the ancient cities of Palestine. The modern peasantry of the country closely resemble the ancient Canaanites in physical character, to judge from the remains of the latter that excavation has revealed; indeed, in all probabihty the substratum of the population has remained unchanged in racial affinities throughout the vicissitudes that the country has suffered. By the conquests of Tahutmes in. (c. 1500), and Amenhotep iii. (c. 1450), Palestine became virtually an Egyptian province, its urban communities governed by kings (i.e. local sheiks) answerable to the Pharaoh, but always quarrelling among themselves. The ‘heretic king’ Amenhotep iv. was too busy with his religious innovations to pay attention to his foreign possessions, and, city by city, his rule in Palestine crumbled away before the Aramaean tribes, named in the Tell el-Amarna tablets the Khabiri. This name is identical with that of the Biblical Hebrews; but it has not yet been possible to put the Khabiri and the Hebrews into their proper mutual relations. The Hebrews represent themselves as escaped slaves from Egypt who (about the 13th cent. B.C.) were led as a solid whole under a single leader (Joshua) to the complete conquest of Canaan — this is the account of the

2 U Book of Joshua. According to the older tradition preserved in Judges 1, they entered the country without an individual leader, as a number of more or less independent tribes or clans, and effected only a partial conquest, being bafHed by the superior strength of certain specified cities. This account is more in accordance with the events as related by the Tell el-Amarna tablets, but further discoveries must be made before the very obscure history of the Israelite immigration can be clearly made out.

The Israelite occupation was only partial. The important Maritime Plain was in the hands of a totally distinct people, the Philistines. The favourite, and most probable, modern theory regarding the Phihstines is that they were of Cretan origin; but everything respecting that mysterious race is veiled in obscurity. As above mentioned, it is not likely that the change of ownership affected the peasants — the Gibeonites were probably not the only ‘hewers of wood and drawers of water’ (Joshua 9:21) that survived of the older stock. And lastly, we cannot doubt that an extensive Canaanite occupation remained in the towns expressly mentioned in Judges 1, as those from which the various tribes ‘drave not out’ their original inhabitants. So far as we can infer from excavation — an inference thoroughly confirmed by a consideration of the barbarous history of the Judges — the effect of the Israelite entrance into Canaan was a retrogression in civilization, from which the country took centuries to recover.

The history of the development of these incoherent units into a kingdom is one of ever-fresh interest. It Is recorded for us in the Books of Judges and 1 Samuel, and the course of events being known to every reader, it is unnecessary to recapitulate them here. It is not unimportant to notice that the split of the short-lived single kingdom into two, after the death of Solomon, was a rupture that had been foreshadowed from time to time — as in the brief reign of Abimelech over the northern province (Judges 9), and the attempt of the northerners to set up Ish-bosheth as king against David (2 Samuel 2. 3), frustrated by Ish-bosheth’s ill-timed insult to Abner (2 Samuel 3:7) Abner’s answer (v. 10) recognizes the dichotomy of Judah and Israel as already existing. This division must have had its roots in the original peophng of the country by the Hebrews, when the children of Judah went southward, and the children of Joseph northward (Judges 1:3–21, 22–28)

Space will not permit us to trace at length the fortunes of the rival kingdoms, to their highest glory under the contemporary kings Uzziah and Jeroboanj ii., and their rapid dechne and final extinction by the great Mesopotamian empires. We may, however, pause to notice that, as in the case of the Canaanites, many remains of the Israelite dominion await the excavator in such towns as lay within Israelite territory; and the Siloam Tunnel epigraph, and one or two of minor importance, promise the welcome addition of a few inscriptions. On the other hand, the remains of the population are scantier — for it need hardly be said that the modern Jewish inhabitants of Palestine are all more or less recent importations.

The Northern Kingdom fell before Assyria, and was never heard of again. Tangible remains of the Assyrian domination were found at Gezer, in the shape of a couple of contract-tablets written there in the Assyrian language and formulee about b.o. 6S0; and the modern sect of Samaritans is a living testimony to the story of the re-settling of the Northern Kingdom under Assyrian auspices (2 Kings 17:24–41).

The Southern Kingdom had a different fate. It was extinguished by Babylon about 135 years later, in b.c. 586. In S38 the captives were permitted to return to their laud by Cyrus, after his conquest ‘of Babylon. They re-built Jerusalem and the Temple: the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah are the record of this work of restoration.

In B.C. 333 Syria fell to Alexander the Great after the battle of Issus. After his death followed a distracting and complicated period of conflict between his successors, which, so far as Palestine was concerned, had the ellect of opening the country for the first time to the influence of Greek culture, art, and religion. From this time onward we find evidence of the foundation of such buildings as theatres, previously quite unknown, and other novelties of Western origin. Although many of the Jews adopted the Greek tongue, there was a staunch puritan party who rigidly set their faces against all such Gentile contaminations. In this they found themselves opposed to the Seleucid princes of Syria, among whom Antiochus Epiphanes especially set himself deliberately to destroy the religion of Judaism. This led to the great revolt headed by Mattathias the priest and his sons, which secured for the Jews a brief period of independence that lasted during the second half of the 2nd cent. B.C., under John Hyrcanus (grandson of Mattathias) and his successors. The kingdom was weakened by family disputes; in the end Rome stepped in, Pompey captured Jerusalem in B.C. 63, and henceforth Palestine lay under Roman suzerainty. Several important tombs near Jerusalem, and elsewhere, and a large number of remains of cities and fortresses, survive from the age of the family of Mattattiias. The conquest of Joppa, under the auspices of Simon Maccabeus, son of Mattathias (1 Maccabees 13:11), was the first capture of a seaport in S. Palestine throughout the whole of Israelite history.

The Hasmonaean dynasty gave place to the Idumaean dynasty of the Herods in the middle of the 1st cent, b.c, Herod the Great becoming sole governor of Judaea (under Roman suzerainty) in b.c. 40. It was into this political situation that Christ was born b.c. 4. Remains of the building activities of Herod are still to be seen in the sub-structures of the Temple, the Herodian towers of Jerusalem, and (possibly) a magnificent tomb near Jerusalem traditionally called the Tomb of Mariamme. Herod died shortly after Christ’s birth, and his dominions were subdivided into provinces, each under a separate ruler: but the native rulers rapidly declined in power, and the Roman governors as rapidly advanced. The Jews became more and more embittered against the Roman yoke, and at last a violent rebellion broke out, which was quelled by Titus in a.d. 70, when Jerusalem was destroyed and a large part of the Jews slain or dispersed. A remnant remained, which about 60 years later again essayed to revolt under their leader Bar Cochba: the suppression of this rebellion was the final deathblow to Jewish nationahty. After the destruction of Jerusalem many settled in Tiberias, and formed the nucleus of the important GaUleean Rabbinic schools, remains of which are still to be seen in the shape of the synagogues of Galilee. These interesting buildings appear to date from the second century a.d.

After the partition of the Roman Empire, Palestine formed part of the Empire of the East, and with it was Christianized. Many ancient settlements, with tombs and small churches — some of them with beautiful mosaic pavements — survive in various parts of the country: these are relics of the Byzantine Christians of the 5th and 6th centuries. The native Christians of Syria, whose families were never absorbed into Islam, are their representatives. These, though Aramaean by race, now habitually speak Arabic, except in Ma’lula and one or two other places in N. Lebanon, where a Syriac dialect survives.

This early Christianity received a severe blow In 611, when the country was ravaged by Chosrofis ii., king of Persia. Monastic settlements were massacred and plundered, and the whole country reduced to such a state of weakness that without much resistance it fell to Omar, the second Caliph of Islam. He became master of Syria and Palestine in the second quarter of the seventh century. Palestine thus became a Moslem country, and its population received the Arab element which is still dominant within it. It may be mentioned in passing that coins of ChosroSs are occasionally found in Palestine; and that of the early Arab domination many noteworthy buildings survive, chief of which is the glorious dome that occupies the site of the Hebrew Temple at Jerusalem.

The Moslem rule was at first by no means tyrannical; but, as the spirit of intolerance developed, the Christian inhabitants were compelled to undergo many sufferings and indignities. This, and the desire to wrest the holy places of Christendom from the hands of the infidel, were the- ostensible reasons for the invasions of the brigands who called themselves Crusaders, and who established in Jerusalem a kingdom on a feudal basis that lasted throughout the 12th century. An institution so exotic, supported by men morally and physically unfit for life in a sub-tropical climate, could not outlast the first enthusiasm which called it into being. Worn out by immorality, by leprosy and other diseases, and by mutual dissensions, the unworthy champions of the Cross disappeared before the heroic Saladin, leaving as their legacy to the country a score or so of place names; a quantity of worthless ecclesiastical traditions; a number of castles and churches, few of which possess any special architectural interest, and many of which, by a strange irony, have been converted into mosques: and, among the Arab natives, an unquenchable hatred of Christianity.

We must pass over the barbarous Mongolian invasions, the last of which was under Timur or Tamerlane at the end of the 14th century. But we must not omit to mention the Turkish conquest in 1516, when Syria obtained the place which it still holds in the Ottoman Empire. R. A. S. MacaI/Isteh.

Pall

Pall tr.— One of the sons of Reuben (Genesis 46:9, Exodus 6:14, Numbers 26:5, 8, 1 Chronicles 5:3). The patronymic Palluites occurs in Numbers 26:5 We should probably read Pallu for Peleth in Numbers 16:1.

Palm Tree

(iamSr). The date palm (Fhcenix dactylifera) is a tree essential to existence in the deserts of Arabia, and was therefore held sacred among the Semites from the earliest historic times. It flourishes in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the oases of Arabia (Exodus 15:27, Numbers 33:9), but its cultivation has for long been much neglected in Palestine. It is still found in considerable numbers in the Maritime Plain, e.g. at the Bay of ‘Akka and at Gaza; and small scattered groups occur all over the land in the neighbourhood of springs. In the valleys east of the Dead Sea, many sterile, dwarfed palms occur. Both in the OT (Deuteronomy 34:3. Judges 1:16 3:13, 2 Chronicles 28:15) and in Josephus (BJ iv. viii. 2-3), Jericho is famous for its vast groves of palms; to-day there are but few, and these quite modern trees. Not only are dates a staple diet in Arabia and an important article of export, but the plaited leaves furnish mats and baskets, the bark is made into ropes, and the seeds areground up for cattle. From the dates is made a kind of syrup, date-honey or dibs, a valuable substitute for sugar. The method of fertilization of the female (pistillate) flowers by the pollen from the male (staminate) flowers was known in very ancient times, and nature was then, as now, assisted by shaking out the pollen over the female flowers. The palm tree is referred to (Psalms 92:12) as a sign of prosperity and (Song of Songs 7:7, 8) of beauty. Figures of palm trees were used to ornament the Temple (1 Kings 6); at a later period they occur on Jewish coins and in the sculpture of the ancient Jewish synagogues, notably in the recently excavated synagogue at Tell Ham (Capernaum). The sacredness of this tree thus persisted from the early Semite to late Jewish times. Palm branches were used at the rejoicings of the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:40, Nehemiah 8:15), as they are among the modern Jews, who daily, during this feast, wave branches of palms in their synagogues. In 1 Maccabees 13:51 we read of the bearing of palm branches as the sign of triumphant rejoicing — an idea also implied in their use in John 12:13 and Revelation 7:9. To-day these branches are used by the Moslems especially at funeral processions, and to decorate graves. E. W. G. Mastebman.

Palmer-worm

Old Eng. for ‘caterpillar,’ see Locust.

Palsy

The modern form of this word is ‘paralysis.’ See Medicine, p. SQQ".

Palti

1. The Benjamite spy (Numbers 13:9). 2. The man to whom Michal, David’s wife, was given by Saul (I S 25"). In 2 Samuel 3:15 he is called Paltiel. See following article under No. 2.

Paltiel

1. The prince of Issachar (Numbers 34). 2. 2 Samuel 3:15, the same as Palti of 1 Samuel 25:44.

Paltite, the

A native of Beth-pelet in the Negeb of Judah (Joshua 15:27, Nehemiah 11:26). To this town belonged Helez, one of David’s thirty heroes (2 Samuel 23). In the parallel lists (1 Chronicles 11:27 27:10) he is described, probably incorrectly, as ‘the Pelonite.’

Pamphylia

The name of a district on the S. coast of Asia Minor, lying between Lycia and Cilicia. Strictly speaking, it consisted of a plain 80 miles long and (at its widest part) 20 miles broad, lying between Mt. Taurus and the sea. After a.d. 74 the name was applied to a Roman province which included the mountainous country to the N., more properly called Pisidia, but until that time it was used only in the narrower sense. The plain was shut in from all N. winds, but was well watered by springs from the Taurus ranges. Through lack of cultivation it has in modern times become very malarious, and in ancient times, though better cultivated, the district was never favourable to the development of a vigorous population. Moreover, it was very isolated except by sea, for the mountains to the N. had no good roads, and were infested by brigands. Even Alexander had to fight his way through them.

The name is probably derived from the Pamphyli, one of the three Dorian tribes, and it ia hkely that Dorian settlers entered Pamphylia at the time of the other Dorian migrations. But the Greek element never prevailed, and though Side and Aspendos were half-Greek cities in the 5th cent. B.C., the Greek that they spoke was very corrupt and was written in a corrupt alphabet. Side is said to have earned its prosperity as the market of Cilician pirates. The town of Attalia was founded in the 2nd century. But more important was the native town of Perga, situated inland and having apparently a port of its own on the river Cestrus at a distance of 5 miles. It was a religious centre^ where a goddess ‘Artemis of Perga’ was worahipped, her ntes corresponding to those associated with Diana of the Ephesians, and being therefore more Asiatic than Greek. The ruins of the city date from the period of the Seleucid kings of Syria. Pamphylia was in turn subject to Persia, Macedonia, Syria, Pergamus, and Rome.

Paul and Barnabas on their first missionary journey crossed from Cyprus to Perga, but seem to have gone straight on to Antioch without preaching. It was at Perga that John Mark left them (Acts 13:13). On the return journey, before taking ship at AttaUa, they preached at Perga (Acts 14:25). but by this time they had deflnitely determined to ‘turn to the Gentiles’ (cf. 13:46). Christianity was slow in taking hold of Pamphylia, — there is no mention of it in 1 Peter 1:1 — and this was probably due partly to the absence of Jewish centres, partly to the backwardness of the district. Christianity made way most quickly in the chief centres of thought. See Perga. A. E. Hillard.

Pan

See House, § 9.

Panelled

See Oieled.

Pannac

Pannac r. — A word of doubtful genuineness occurring only in Ezekiel 27:17, in a list of articles which had a place in the commerce of Judah and Israel with Tyre. RV simply transhterates the word, with marg. note, ‘perhaps a kind of confection.’ AV had understood the word as a place name, ‘wheat of Minnith and Pannag.’ Of the suggested emendations may be mentioned Cornill’s ‘wax’ (fiOnag), and Cheyne’s ‘grape-syrup,’ for which see Honey. A. R. S. Kennedy.

Paper

See Writing, § 6.

Paper Reeds

See Meadow, Reed.

Paphos

Paphos was the name of two cities in the W. of Cyprus, Old Paphos about a mile from the sea, New Paphos (now Baffo) about seven miles N.W. of this. The Phoenician origin of the former need not be doubted; the latter was by tradition a Greek settlement, but in both the chief object of worship was the ‘Paphian goddess,’ undoubtedly of Syrian origin, and worshipped under the form of a conical stone, though identified by the Greeks with Aphrodite. Old Paphos was desolate in the time of Jerome. New Paphos was the centre of the Roman administration in Cyprus. It was here that St. Paul encountered the Roman proconsul Sergius Paulus in his first missionary journey — the first presentation of Christianity before Roman authorities (Acts 13:6–12). A. E. HiLLAED.