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Havothjair – Hiel
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Havothjair
(villages of Jair), certain villages on the east of Jordan, in Gilead or Bashan, which were taken by Jair the son of Manasseh, and called after his name. (; ) In the records of Manasseh in () and The Havoth-jair are reckoned with other districts as making up sixty "cities." Comp. () There is apparently some confusion in these different statements as to what the sixty cities really consisted of. No less doubtful is the number of the Havoth-Jair. In () they are specified as twenty-three, but in () as thirty.
Hawk
(; ; ) The hawk includes various species of the Falconidae . With respect to the passage in Job (l.c.) which appears to allude to the migratory habits of hawks, it is curious to observe that of the ten or twelve lesser raptors (hawk tribe) of Palestine, nearly all are summer migrants. The kestrel remains all the year, but the others are all migrants from the south.
Hay
(Heb. chatsir), the rendering of the Authorized Version in () and Of the Hebrew term, which occurs frequently in the Old Testament, and denotes "grass" of any kind. It is quite probable that the modern Orientals do not make hay in our sense of the term; but it is certain that the ancients did mow their grass, and probably made use of the dry material. See () We may remark that there is an express Hebrew term for "dry grass" or "hay," viz. chashash , which, in the only two places where the word occurs, (; ) is rendered "chaff" in the Authorized Version.
Hazael
(whom God sees), a king of Damascus who reigned from about B.C. 886 to B.C. 840. He appears to have been previously a person in a high position at the court of Ben-hadad, and was sent by his master to Elisha to inquire if he would recover from the malady under which he was suffering. Elisha’s answer led to the murder of Ben-hadad by his ambitious servant, who forthwith mounted the throne. () He was soon engaged in war with the kings of Judah and Israel for the possession of the city of Ramoth-gilead. Ibid. () Towards the close of the reign of Jehu, Hazael led the Syrians against the Israelites (about B.C. 860), whom he "smote in all their coasts," () thus accomplishing the prophecy of Elisha. Ibid . () At the close of his life, having taken Gath, ibid. () comp. He proceeded to attack Jerusalem, () and was about to assault the city when Joash bribed him to retire. () Hazael appears to have died about the year B.C. 840, () having reigned forty-six years.
Hazaiah
(whom Jehovah sees), a man of Judah of the family of the Shilonites, or descendants of Shelah. ()
Hazaradar
etc. [HAZER]
Hazarmaveth
(court of death), the third in order of the sons of Joktan () The name is preserved in the Arabic Hadramawt and Hadrumawl , the appellation of a province and an ancient people of southern Arabia. The capital is Satham, a very ancient city, and its chief ports are Mirbat, Zafari and Kisheem, from whence a great trade was carried on in ancient times with India and Africa.
Hazel
The Hebrew term luz occurs only in () Authorities are divided between the hazel and the almond tree as representing the luz . The latter is most probably correct.
Hazelelponi
(shade coming upon me), the sister of the sons of Etam in the genealogies of Judah. ()
Hazer
topographically, seems generally employed for the villages of people. As a proper name it appears in the Authorized Version --
1. In the plural, HAZERIM and HAZEBOTH, for which see below.
2. In the slightly different form of HAZOR.
3. In composition with other words:
4. HAZAR-ADDAR (village of Addar), a place named as one of the landmarks on the southern boundary of the land promised to Israel. () ADAR ()
5. HAZAR-ENAN (village of fountains), the place at which the northern boundary of the land promised to the children of Israel was to terminate. (,) comp. ;
6. HAZAB GADDAH (village of fortune), one of the towns in the southern district of Judah, () named between Moladah and Heshmon.
7. HAZAR-SHUAL (village of jackals), a town in the southern district of Judah, lying between Hazar-gaddah and Beersheba. (; ; )
8. HAZAR-SUSAH (village of horses), one of the "cities" allotted to Simeon in the extreme south of the territory of Judah. ()
Hazerim
(villages). The Avim, or more accurately the Avvim, are said to have lived "in the villages (Authorized Version ’Hazerim’) as far as Gaza," (2:23) before their expulsion by the Caphtorim.
Hazeroth
(villages), (; ; ; ) a station of the Israelites in the desert, and perhaps recognizable in the Arabic Ain Hudhera , forty miles northeast of Sinai.
Hazezontamar
and Haz’azon-ta’mar (pruning of palm trees), the ancient name of Engedi. () The name occurs in the records of the reign of Hezekiah. ()
Haziel
(union of God), a Levite in the time of David, of the family of Shi-mei or Shimi, the younger branch of the (Gershonites. () (B.C. 1014.)
Hazo
(vision), a son of Nahor, by Milcah his wife. () (B.C. about 1900.)
Hazor
(castle).
1. A fortified city, which on the occupation of the country was allotted to Naphtali. () Its position was apparently between Ramah and Kedesh, ibid. () on the high ground overlooking the Lake of Merom. There is no reason for supposing it a different place from that of which Jabin was king. (; ,; ) It was the principal city of the whole of north Palestine. () It was fortified by Solomon, () and its inhabitants were carried captive by Tiglath-pileser. () The most probable site of Hazor is Tell Khuraibeh .
2. One of the "cities" of Judah in the extreme south, named next in order to Kedesh. ()
3. Hazor-Hadattah = "new Hazor" another of the southern towns of Judah. ()
4. A place in which the Benjamites resided after their return from the captivity. ()
Headdress
The Hebrews do not appear to have regarded a covering for the head as an essential article of dress. Hats were unknown. The earliest notice we have of such a thing is in connection with the sacerdotal vestments. () The tsaniph (something like a turban) is noticed as being worn by nobles, () ladies, () and kings, () while the peer was an article of holiday dress, () Authorized Version "beauty;" (,) and was worn at weddings. () The ordinary head-dress of the Bedouin consists of the keffieh , a square handkerchief, generally of red and yellow cotton or cotton and silk, folded so that three of the corners hang down over the back and shoulders, leaving the face exposed, and bound round the head by a cord. It is not improbable that a similar covering was used by the Hebrews on certain occasions. The Assyrian head-dress is described in () under the terms "exceeding in dyed attire." The word rendered "hats" in () properly applies to a cloak.
Hearth
One way of baking much practiced in the East is to place the dough on an iron plate, either laid on or supported on legs above the vessel sunk in the ground, which forms the oven. The cakes baked "on the hearth" () were probably baked in the existing Bedouin manner, on hot stones covered with ashes. The "hearth" of King Jehoiakim’s winter palace, () was possibly a pan or brazier of charcoal. From this we see that the significance of the Hebrew words translated hearth is not the same as with us.
Heath
() was some species of juniper, probably the savin, a dwarf, stunted juniper which grows in the most sterile parts of the desert.
Heathen
[GENTILES]
Heaven
There are four Hebrew words thus rendered in the Old Testament which we may briefly notice.
1. Raki’a , Authorized Version, firmament. [FIRMAMENT]
2. Shamayim . This is the word used in the expression "the heaven and the earth," or "the upper and lower regions." ()
3. Marom , used for heaven in (; ; ). Properly speaking it means a mountain as in (; )
4. Shechakim , "expanses," with reference to the extent of heaven. (33:26; ) St. Paul’s expression "third heaven," () had led to much conjecture. Grotius said that the Jews divided the heaven into three parts, viz.,
5. The air or atmosphere, where clouds gather;
6. The firmament, in which the sun, moon and stars are fixed;
7. The upper heaven, the abode of God and his angels, the invisible realm of holiness and happiness the home of the children of God.
Heber
(alliance).
1. Grandson of the patriarch Asher, (; ; ) from whom came the Heberites. ()
2. The patriarch Eber. () [EBER]
3. The father of Socho; a Judite. ()
4. A Benjamite. ()
5. A Benjamite. ()
6. A Gadite. ()
7. The husband of Jael, who slew Sisera by driving a nail into his temple. (,)
Hebrew
This word first occurs as given to Abram by the Canaanites, () because he had crossed the Euphrates. The name is also derived from Eber, "beyond, on the other side," Abraham and his posterity being called Hebrews in order to express a distinction between the races east and west of the Euphrates. It may also be derived from Heber , one of the ancestors of Abraham. () The term Israelite was used by the Jews of themselves among themselves; the term Hebrew was the name by which they were known to foreigners. The latter was accepted by the Jews in their external relations; and after the general substitution of the word Jew, it still found a place in that marked and special feature of national contradistinction, the language.
Hebrew Language
The books of the Old Testament are written almost entirely in the Hebrew language. It is a branch of the Shemitic language, one of the three great divisions into which all languages have been reduced. It is one of the earliest of known languages, and some suppose that it was the original language of man.
Hebrews, Epistle To The
1. The author --There has been a wide difference of opinion respecting the authorship of this epistle. For many years Paul was considered the author; others think it may have been Luke, Barnabas, or Apollos. Much of the theology and the language are similar to Paul’s, but the authorship of the epistle ia still disputed.
2. To whom written . --The epistle was probably addressed to the Jews in Jerusalem and Palestine. The argument of the epistle is such as could he used with most effect to a church consisting exclusively of Jews by birth, personally familiar with and attached to the temple service.
3. Date. --It was evidently written before the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. 70, probably about A.D. 62-64.
4. Place . --It was probably written in Italy, while Paul was a prisoner at Rome.
5. Contents . --With respect to the scope of the epistle, it should be recollected that while the numerous Christian churches scattered throughout Judea, (; ) were continually exposed to persecution from the Jews, () there was in Jerusalem one additional weapon in the hands of the predominant oppressors of the Christians. The magnificent national temple might be put against the Hebrew Christian; and even if this affliction were not often laid upon him, yet there was a secret burden which he bore within him, the knowledge that the end of all the beauty and awfulness of Zion was rapidly approaching. The writer of this epistle meets the Hebrew Christians on their own ground, showing that the new faith gave them Christ the Son of God, more prevailing than the high priest as an intercessor; that his Sabbath awaited them, his covenant, his atonement, his city heavenly not made with hands. Having him, believe in him with all your heart, with a faith in the unseen future strong as that of the saints of old, patient under present and prepared for coming woe, full of energy and hope and holiness and love. Such was the teaching of the Epistle to the Hebrews.
Hebron
(alliance).
1. The third son of Kohath, who was the second son of Levi. (; ; ,; ) He was the founder of a family of Hebronites, (; ; ,,), or Bene-Hebron. (; )
2. A city of Judah, () situated among the mountains, () 20 Roman miles south of Jerusalem, and the same distance north of Beersheba. Hebron is one of the most ancient cities in the world still existing; and in this respect it is the rival of Damascus. It was a well-known town when Abraham entered Canaan, 3800 years ago. () Its original name was Kirjath-arba, () "the city of Arba;" so called from Arba the father of Anak. (,; ) Sarah died at Hebron; and Abraham then bought from Ephron the Hittite the field and cave of Machpelah, to serve as a family tomb () The cave is still there, and the massive walls of the Haram or mosque, within which it lies, form the most remarkable object in the whole city. Abraham is called by Mohammedans el-Khulil , "the Friend," i.e. of God, and this is the modern name of Hebron. Hebron now contains about 5000 inhabitants, of whom some fifty families are Jews. It is picturesquely situated in a narrow valley, surrounded by rocky hills. The valley runs from north to south; and the main quarter of the town, surmounted by the lofty walls of the venerable Haram , lies partly on the eastern slope. () comp. Genesis23:19 About a mile from the town, up the valley, is one of the largest oak trees in Palestine. This, say some, is the very tree beneath which Abraham pitched his tent, and it still bears the name of the patriarch.
3. One of the towns in the territory of Asher, () probably Ebdon or Abdom.
Hebronites, The
A family of Kohathite Levites, descendants of Hebron the son of Kohath. (; ; )
Hedge
The Hebrew words thus rendered denote simply that which surrounds or encloses, whether it be a stone wall, geder , (; ) or a fence of other materials. The stone walls which surround the sheepfolds of modern Palestine are frequently crowned with sharp thorns.
Hegai
(eunuch), one of the eunuchs of the court of Ahasuerus. (,) (B.C. 474.)
Hege
another form of the preceding ()
Heifer
(; ; ) The heifer or young cow was not commonly used for ploughing, but only for treading out the corn. () but see When it ran about without any headstall, (26:4) hence the expression an "unbroken heifer," () Authorized Version "backsliding" to which Israel is compared.
Heir
The Hebrew institutions relative to inheritance were of a very simple character. Under the patriarchal system the property was divided among the sons of the legitimate wives, (; ; ) a larger portion being assigned to one, generally the eldest, on whom devolved the duty of maintaining the females of the family. The sons of concubines were portioned off with presents. () At a later period the exclusion of the sons of concubines was rigidly enforced. () ff. Daughters had no share in the patrimony, () but received a marriage portion. The Mosaic law regulated the succession to real property thus: it has to be divided among the sons, the eldest receiving a double portion, (21:17) the others equal shares; if there were no sons, it went to the daughters, () on the condition that they did not marry out of their own tribe, () ff.; otherwise the patrimony was forfeited. If there were no daughters it went to the brother of the deceased; if no brother, to the paternal uncle; and, failing these to the next of kin. ()
Helah
(rust), one of the two wives of Ashur, father of Tekoa. ()
Helam
(stronghold), a place east of the Jordan but west of the Euphrates at which the Syrians were collected by Hadarezer, and where David met and defeated them. (,)
Helbah
(fertile), a town of Asher, probably on the plain of Phoenicia not far from Sidon. ()
Helbon
(fertile), a place mentioned only in () Geographers have hitherto represented Helbon as identical with the city of Aleppo, called Haleb by the Arabs; but there are strong reasons against this, and the ancient city must be identified with a village within a few miles of Damascus still bearing the ancient name Helbon, and still celebrated as producing the finest grapes in the country.
Heldai
(worldly).
1. The twelfth captain of the monthly courses for the temple service. () (B.C. 1014.)
2. An Israelite who seems to have returned from the captivity. () (B.C. 520.)
Heleb
(milk), or He’led (transient) son of Baanah the Netophathite, one of the heroes of King David’s guard. (; )
Helek
(portion), one of the descendants of Manasseh, and second son of Gilead, () and founder of the Helekites. (B.C. 1445.)
Helem
(strength).
1. A descendant of Asher. ()
2. A man mentioned only in () Apparently the same as Heldai.
Heleph
(exchange), the place from which the boundary of the tribe of Naphtali started. ()
Helez
(strength).
1. One of "the thirty" of David’s guard, (; ) an Ephraimite, and captain of the seventh monthly course. () (B.C. 1016.)
2. A man of Judah, son of Azariah. ()
Helhath
(portion), the town named as the starting-point for the boundary of the tribe of Asher, () and allotted with its "suburbs" to the Gershonite Levites. ch. () Perhaps Yerka , seven miles from Acre.
Heli
(ascending), the father of Joseph the husband of the Virgin Mary, () perhaps the grandfather of Mary herself. [See GENEALOGY OF JESUS CHRIST OF JESUS CHRIST]
Heliopolis
[See ON]
Helkathhazzurim
(field of rock), a smooth piece of ground, apparently close to the pool of Gibeon, where the combat took place between the two parties of Joab’s men and Abner’s men which ended in the death of the whole of the combatants, and brought on a general battle. ()
Hell
In the Old Testament this is the word generally and unfortunately used by our translators to render the Hebrew Sheol . It really means the place of the dead, the unseen world, without deciding whether it be the place of misery or of happiness. It is clear that in many passages of the Old Testament Sheol can only mean "the grave," and is rendered in the Authorized Version; see, for example, (; ; ; ) In other passages, however, it seems to Involve a notion of punishment, and is therefore rendered in the Authorized Version by the word "hell." But in many cases this translation misleads the reader. In the New Testament "hell" is the translation of two words, Hades and Gehenna . The word Hades , like Sheol sometimes means merely "the grave," (; ; ) or in general "the unseen world." It is in this sense that the creeds say of our Lord, "He went down into hell," meaning the state of the dead in general, without any restriction of happiness or misery. Elsewhere in the New Testament Hades is used of a place of torment, (; ; ) etc.; consequently it has been the prevalent, almost the universal, notion that Hades is an intermediate state between death and resurrection, divided into two parts one the abode of the blest and the other of the lost. It is used eleven times in the New Testament, and only once translated "grave." () The word most frequently used (occurring twelve times) in the New Testament for the place of future punishment is Gehenna or Gehenna of fire . This was originally the valley of Hinnom, south of Jerusalem, where the filth and dead animals of the city were cast out and burned; a fit symbol of the wicked and their destruction. [See HINNOM]
Hellenist
(Grecian), the term applied in the New Testament to Greek-speaking or "Grecian" Jews. The Hellenists as a body included not only the proselytes of Greek (or foreign) parentage, but also those. Jews who, by settling in foreign countries, had adopted the prevalent form of the current Greek civilization, and with it the use of the common Greek dialect. (; )
Helmet
[ARMS, ARMOR]
Helon
(strong), father of Eliab, of the tribe of Zebulun. (; ; ,; ) (B.C. 1491.)
Hem Of Garment
The importance which the later Jews, especially the Pharisees, () attached to the hem or fringe of their garments was founded upon the regulation in (,) which gave a symbolical meaning to it. [See DRESS]
Hemam
(exterminating). Hori and Hemam were sons of Lotan, the eldest son of Seir. ()
Heman
(faithful)
1. Son of Zerah. (; )
2. Son of Joel and grandson of Samuel the prophet, a Kohathite. He is called "the singer," rather the musician, () and was the first of the three Levites to whom was committed the vocal and instrumental music of the temple service in the reign of David. () The 88th Psalm is ascribed to him. (B.C. 1014.)
Hemath
(heat), a person or place named in the genealogical lists of Judah, as the origin of the Kenites, and the "father" of the house of Rechab. () (B.C. 1445.)
Hemdan
(pleasant), the eldest son of Dishon, son of Anah the Horite. () [AMRAM, 2] (B.C. about 1500.)
Hemlock
the common ground or dwarf hemlock, a bitter, poisonous plant. The Hebrew rosh is rendered "hemlock" in two passages, (; ) but elsewhere "gall." [GALL] (It is possible that the plant is rather the poppy than an hemlock. --Cook.)
Hen
The hen is nowhere noticed in the Bible except in (; ) That a bird so common in Palestine should receive such slight notice is certainly peculiar.
Hen
(rest), probably a son of Zephaniah, and apparently the same who is called JOSIAH in ()
Hena
(troubling), a city the Assyrian kings had reduced shortly before the time of Sennacherib. (; ) At no great distance from Sippara (now Mosaib) is an ancient town called And or Anah , which may be the same as Hena. It is 20 miles from Babylon on the Euphrates.
Henadad
(grace of Hadad), the head of a family of the Levites who took a prominent part in the rebuilding of the temple. ()
Henoch
1. Enoch, 2. ()
2. Hanoch, 1. ()
Hepher
a place in ancient Canaan which occurs in the lists of conquered kings. () It was on the west of Jordan. Comp. () and
Hepher
(a well).
1. The youngest of the sons of Gilead, () and head of the family of the Hepherites. (B.C. before 1450.)
2. Son of Ashur, the "father of Tekoa." () (B.C. about 1445.)
3. The Mecherathite, one of the heroes of David’s guard. () (B.C. 1046.)
Hepherites, The
the family of Hepher the son of Gilead. ()
Hephzibah
1. A name signifying "my delight in her ," which is to be borne by the restored Jerusalem. ()
2. The queen of King Hezekiah and the mother of Manasseh. () (B.C. 709-696.)
Herald
one who makes public proclamation. The only notice of this officer in the Old Testament occurs in () The term "herald" might be substituted for "preacher" in (; ; )
Herd
(a collection of cattle), Herdsmen. The herd was greatly regarded in both the patriarchal and the Mosaic period. The ox was the most precious stock next to horse and mule. The herd yielded the most esteemed sacrifice, (; ; ) also flesh meat, and milk, chiefly converted probably, into butter and cheese. (32:14; ) The agricultural and general usefulness of the ox in ploughing, threshing, and as a beast of burden, (; ) made a slaughtering of him seem wasteful. Herdsmen, etc., in Egypt were a low, perhaps the lowest, caste; but of the abundance of cattle in Egypt, and of the care there bestowed on them, there is no doubt. (,; ,) So the plague of hail was sent to smite especially the cattle, () the firstborn of which also were smitten. () The Israelites departing stipulated for, () and took "much cattle" with them. ch. () Cattle formed thus one of the traditions of the Israelitish nation in its greatest period, and became almost a part of that greatness. The occupation of herdsman was honorable in early times. (; ; ; ) Saul himself resumed it in the interval of his cares as king, also Doeg was certainly high in his confidence () Pharaoh made some of Joseph’s brethren "rulers over his cattle." David’s herd-masters were among his chief officers of state. The prophet Amos at first followed this occupation.
Heres
(the sun), () a city of Dan, in Mount Ephraim, near Ajalon; possibly identical with Mount Jearim (Ir-shemesh, city of the gun).
Heresh
(artificer), a Levite attached to the tabernacle () (B.C. 536.)
Hermas
(Mercury), the name of a Christian resident at Rome to whom St. Paul sends greetings in his Epistle to the Romans. () (A.D. 55.) Irenaeus, Tertullian and Origen agree in attributing to him the work called The shepherd . It was never received into the canon, but yet was generally cited with respect only second to that which was paid to the authoritative books of the New Testament.
Hermes
(Mercury), a Christian mentioned in () According to tradition he was one of the seventy disciples, and afterward bishop of Dalmatia. (A.D. 55.)
Hermogenes
a person mentioned by St. Paul in the latest of all his epistles, () when all in Asia had turned away from him. (A.D. 64.)
Hermon
(a peak, summit), a mountain on the northeastern border of Palestine, (3:8; ) over against Lebanon, () adjoining the plateau of Bashan. () It stands at the southern end, and is the culminating point of the anti-Libanus range; it towers high above the ancient border city of Dan and the fountains of the Jordan, and is the most conspicuous and beautiful mountain in Palestine or Assyria. At the present day it is called Jebel esh-Sheikh , "the chief mountain," and Jebel eth-Thelj , "snowy mountain." When the whole country is parched with the summer sun, white lines of snow streak the head of Hermon. This mountain was the great landmark of the Israelites. It was associated with their northern border almost as intimately as the sea was with the western. Hermon has three summits, situated like the angles of a triangle, and about a quarter of a mile from each other. In two passages of Scripture this mountain is called Baal-hermon , (; ) possibly because Baal was there worshipped. (It is more than probable that some part of Hermon was the scene of the transfiguration, as it stands near Caesarea Philippi, where we know Christ was just before that event --ED.) The height of Hermon has never been measured, though it has often been estimated. It may safely be reckoned at 10,000 feet.
Hermonites, The
Properly "the Hermons," with reference to the three summits of Mount Hermon. () ().
Herod
(hero-like). This family though of Idumean origin and thus alien by race, was Jewish in faith. I. HEROD THE GREAT was the second son of Antipater, an Idumean, who was appointed procurator of Judea by Julius Caesar, B.C. 47. Immediately after his father’s elevation when only fifteen years old, he received the government of Galilee and shortly afterward that of Coele-Syria. Though Josephus says he was 15 years old at this time, it is generally conceded that there must be some mistake, as he lived to be 69 or 70 years old, and died B.C. 4; hence he must have been 25 years old at this time.--ED.) In B.C. 41 he was appointed by Antony tetrarch of Judea. Forced to abandon Judea the following year, he fled to Rome, and received the appointment of king of Judea. In the course of a few years, by the help of the Romans he took Jerusalem (B.C. 37), and completely established his authority throughout his dominions. The terrible acts of bloodshed which Herod perpetrated in his own family were accompanied by others among his subjects equally terrible, from the number who fell victims to them. According to the well-known story) he ordered the nobles whom he had called to him in his last moment to be executed immediately after his decease, that so at least his death might be attended by universal mourning. It was at the time of his fatal illness that he must have caused the slaughter of the infants at Bethlehem. () He adorned Jerusalem with many splendid monuments of his taste and magnificence. The temple, which he built with scrupulous care, was the greatest of these works. The restoration was begun B.C. 20, and the temple itself was completed in a year and a half. But fresh additions were constantly made in succeeding years, so that it was said that the temple was "built in forty and six years," () the work continued long after Herod’s death. (Herod died of a terrible disease at Jericho, in April, B.C. 4, at the age of 69, after a long reign of 37 years.--ED.) II. HEROD ANTIPAS, ANTIPAS was the son of Herod the Great by Malthake, a Samaritan. He first married a daughter of Aretas, "king of Arabia Petraea," but afterward Herodias, the wife of his half-brother, Herod Philip. Aretas, indignant at the insult offered to his daughter, found a pretext for invading the territory of Herod, and defeated him with great loss. This defeat, according to the famous passage in Josephus, was attributed by many to the murder of John the Baptist, which had been committed by Antipas shortly before, under the influence of Herodias. () ff.; ff.; At a later time the ambition of Herodias proved the cause of her husband’s ruin. She urged him to go to Rome to gain the title of king, cf. () but he was opposed at the court of Caligula by the emissaries of Agrippa, and condemned to perpetual banishment at Lugdunum, A.D. 39. Herodias voluntarily shared his punishment, and he died in exile. Pilate took occasion from our Lord’s residence in Galilee to bend him for examination, () ff., to Herod Antipas, who came up to Jerusalem to celebrate the Passover. The city of Tiberias, which Antipas founded and named in honor of the emperor, was the most conspicuous monument of his long reign. III. HEROD PHILIP I. (Philip,) () was the son of Herod the Great and Mariamne. He married Herodias the sister of Agrippa I by whom he had a daughter, Salome. He was excluded from all share in his father’s possessions in consequence of his mother’s treachery, and lived afterward in a private station. IV. HEROD PHILIP II. was the son of Herod the Great and Cleopatra. He received as his own government Batanea Trachonitis, Auramtis (Gaulanitis), and some parts about Jamnia, with the title of tetrarch. . He built a new city on the site of Paneas, near the sources of the Jordan, which be called Caesarea Philippi, (; ) and raised Bethsaida to the rank of a city under the title of Julias and died there A.D. 34. He married Salome, the daughter of Herod Philip I. and Herodias. V. HEROD AGRIPPA I. was the son of Aristobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great. He was brought up at Rome, and was thrown into prison by Tiberius, where he remained till the accession of Caligula, who made him king, first of the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias; afterward the dominions of Antipas were added, and finally Judea and Samaria. Unlike his predessors, Agrippa was a strict observer of the law, and he sought with success the favor of the Jews. It is probable that it was with this view he put to death James the son of Zebedee, and further imprisoned Peter. () ff. But his sudden death interrupted his ambitious projects. (,) VI. HEROD AGRIPPA II --was the son of Herod Agrippa I. In A.D. 62 the emperor gave him the tetrarches formerly held by Philip and Lysanias, with the title of king. () The relation in which he stood to his sister Berenice, () was the cause of grave suspicion. It was before him that Paul was tried. ()
Herodians
(from Herod). () ff.; ff. Canon Cook describes these persons as "that party among the Jews who were supporters of the Herodian family as the last hope of retaining for the Jews a fragment of national government, as distinguished from absolute dependence upon Rome as a province of the empire. Supporters of the family of Herod, who held their dominions by the grant of the Roman emperor, would be in favor of paying tribute to the supreme power. ()
Herodias
daughter of Aristobulus, one of the sons of Mariamne and Herod the Great, and consequently sister of Agrippa I. She first married Herod Philip I.; then she eloped from him to marry Herod Antipas her step-uncle. The head of John the Baptist was granted at the request of Herodias. (; ) (A.D. 29.) She accompanied Antipas into exile to Lugdunum
Herodion
a relative of St. Paul, to whom he sends his salutation amongst the Christians of the Roman church. () (A.D. 55.)
Heron
(; ) a common large, wading, unclean bird. Nearly all of the species known in English ornithology are found in the vicinity of Palestine. Canon Cook and others think the bird intended is the plover (Charadrius aedicnemus), a greedy, thick kneed, high-flying migratory bird, very common in the East, on the banks of rivers and shores of lakes. --ED.
Hesed
(kindness), the son of Hesed or Ben-Chesed, was commissary for Solomon. () (B.C. about 995.)
Heshbon
(stronghold), the capital city of Sihon king of the Amorites. () It stood on the western border of the high plain --Mishor, () --and on the boundary line between the tribes of Reuben and Gad. The ruins of Hesban , 20 miles east of the Jordan, on the parallel of the northern end of the Dead Sea mark the site, as they bear the name; of the ancient Heshbon. There are many cisterns among the ruins. Comp. (Solomon 7:4)
Heshmon
(rich soil), a place named, with others, as lying in the extreme south of Judah. ()
Hesron, Hezron
(enclosed), the son of Reuben, () and ancestor of the Hezronites. (B.C. about 1700.)
Heth
(terror), the forefather of the nation of the Hittites. In the genealogical tables of () and Heth is a son of Canaan. (,; ,)
Hethlon
(hiding-place), the name of a place on the northern border of Palestine. (; ) In all probability the "way of Hethlon" is the pass at the northern end of Lebanon, and is thus identical with "the entrance of Hamath" in () etc.
Hezeki
(strong), a Benjamite, one of the Bene-Elpaal, a descendant of Shaaraim. () (B.C. 598.)
Hezekiah
(the might of Jehovah).
1. Twelfth king of Judah, son of the apostate Ahaz and Abi or Abijah, ascended the throne at the age of 25, B.C. 726. Hezekiah was one of the three most perfect kings of Judah. () Ecclus. 49:4. His first act was to purge and repair and reopen with splendid sacrifices and perfect ceremonial the temple. He also destroyed a brazen serpent, said to have been the one used by Moses in the miraculous healing of the Israelites, () which had become an object of adoration. When the kingdom of Israel had fallen, Hezekiah invited the scattered inhabitants to a peculiar passover, which was continued for the unprecedented period of fourteen days. (,) At the head of a repentant and united people, Hezekiah ventured to assume the aggressive against the Philistines and in a series of victories not only rewon the cities which his father had lost, () but even dispossessed them of their own cities except Gaza, () and Gath. He refused to acknowledge the supremacy of Assyria. () Instant war was imminent and Hezekiah used every available means to strengthen himself. () It was probably at this dangerous crisis in his kingdom that we find him sick and sending for Isaiah, who prophesies death as the result. () Hezekiah’s prayer for longer life is heard. The prophet had hardly left the palace when he was ordered to return and promise the king immediate recovery and fifteen years more of life. () An embassy coming from Babylon ostensibly to compliment Hezekiah on his convalescence, but really to form an alliance between the two powers, is favorably received by the king, who shows them the treasures which he had accumulated. For this Isaiah foretells the punishment that shall befall his house. () The two invasions of Sennacherib occupy the greater part of the scripture records concerning the reign of Hezekiah. The first of these took place in the third year of Sennacherib, B.C. 702, and occupies only three verses. () Respecting the commencement of the second invasion we have full details in () seq.; seq.; ... Sennacherib sent against Jerusalem an army under two officers and his cupbearer, the orator Rabshakeh, with a blasphemous and insulting summons to surrender; but Isaiah assures the king he need not fear, promising to disperse the enemy. (,) Accordingly that night "the angel of the Lord went out, and smote in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred fourscore and five thousand." Hezekiah only lived to enjoy for about one year more his well-earned peace and glory. He slept with his fathers after a reign of twenty-nine years, in the 56th year of his age, B.C. 697.
2. Son of Neariah, one of the descendants of the royal family of Judah. ()
3. The same name, though rendered in the Authorized Version HIZKIAH, is found in ()
4. Ater of Hezekiah. [ATER]
Hezion
(vision), a king of Aram (Syria), father of Tabrimon and grandfather of Ben-hadad I. () He is probably identical with REZON, the contemporary of Solomon, in () (B.C. before 928.)
Hezir
(Swine).
1. A priest in the time of David, leader of the seventeenth monthly course in the service. () (B.C. 1014.)
2. One of the heads of the people (lay-men) who sealed the solemn covenant with Nehemiah. () (B.C. 410.)
Hezrai
(enclosed), one of the thirty heroes of David’s guard. () (B.C. 1046.) In the parallel list, () the name appears as HEZRO.
Hezron
(surrounded by a wall).
1. A son of Reuben. (; )
2. A son of Pharez. (; )
Hezronites
(descendants of Hezron), The.
1. Descendants of Hezron the son of Reuben. ()
2. A branch of the tribe of Judah, descendants of Hezron the son of Pharez. ()
Hiddai
(for the rejoicing of Jehovah), one of the thirty-seven heroes of David’s guard. () (B.C. 1046.)
Hiddekel
(rapid), one of the rivers of Eden, the river which "goeth eastward to Assyria," () and which Daniel calls "the great river," () seems to have been rightly identified by the LXX. with the Tigris. Dekel is clearly an equivalent of Digla or Dighath, a name borne by the Tigris in all ages. The name now in use among the inhabitants of Mesopotamia is Dijleh .
Hiel
(God liveth), a native of Bethel, who rebuilt Jericho in the reign of Ahab, () (B.C. after 915), and in whom was fulfilled the curse pronounced by Joshua, () five hundred years before.
William Smith, A Dictionary of the Bible (1884 edition). Public domain. Text from the CrossWire Bible Society.