Rector – Reflectingly

Rector

REC'TOR, noun [Latin rector from rego, rectum, to rule.]

1. A ruler or governor.

God is the supreme rector of the world.

[This application of the word is unusual.]

2. A clergyman who has the charge and cure of a parish, and has the tithes, etc.; or the parson of an unimpropriated parish.

3. The chief elective officer of some universities, as in France and Scotland. The same title was formerly given to the president of a college in New England, but it is now in disuse. In Scotland, it is still the title of the head master of a principal school.

4. The superior officer or chief of a convent or religious house; and among the Jesuits, the superior of a house that is a seminary or college.

Rectoral

REC'TORAL,

RECTO'RIAL, adjective Pertaining to a rector.

Rectorial

RECTO'RIAL, a. Pertaining to a rector.

Rectorship

REC'TORSHIP, noun The office or rank of a rector.

Rectory

REC'TORY, noun

1. A parish church, parsonage or spiritual living, with all its rights, tithes and glebes.

2. A rector's mansion or parsonage house.

Rectress

REC'TRESS,

REC'TRIX, noun [Latin rectrix.] A governess.

Rectum

REC'TUM, noun [Latin] In anatomy, the third and last of the large intestines.

Recubation

RECUBA'TION, noun [Latin recubo; re and cubo, to lie down.]

The act of lying or leaning. [Little used.]

Recule

RECU'LE, verb intransitive To recoil. [Not used. See Recoil.]

Recumb

RECUMB', verb intransitive [Latin recumbo; re and cumbo, to lie down.] To lean; to recline; to repose.

Recumbence

RECUMB'ENCE, noun [from Latin recumbens.] The act of reposing or resting in confidence.

Recumbency

RECUMB'ENCY, noun

1. The posture of leaning, reclining or lying.

2. Rest; repose; idle state.

Recumbent

RECUMB'ENT, adjective [Latin recumbens.]

1. Leaning; reclining; as the recumbent posture of the Romans at their meals.

2. Reposing; inactive; idle.

Recuperation

RECUPERA'TION, noun [Latin recuperatio.] Recovery, as of any thing lost.

Recuperative

RECU'PERATIVE,

RECU'PERATORY, adjective Tending to recovery; pertaining to recovery.

Recuperatory

RECU'PERATORY, a. Tending to recovery; pertaining to recovery.

Recur

RECUR', verb intransitive [Latin recurro; re and curro, to run.]

1. To return to the thought or mind.

When any word has been used to signify an idea, the old idea will recur in the mind, when the word is heard.

2. To resort; to have recourse.

If to avoid succession in eternal existence, they recur to the punctum stans of the schools, they will very little help us to a more positive idea of infinite duration.

Recure

RECU'RE, verb transitive [re and cure.] To cure; to recover. [Not in use.]

RECU'RE, noun Cure; recovery. [Not in use.]

Recurrence

RECUR'RENCE,

RECUR'RENCY, noun [See Recur.]

1. Return; as the recurrence of error.

2. Resort; the having recourse.

Recurrency

RECUR'RENCY, n. [See Recur.] 1. Return; as the recurrence of error.2. Resort; the having recourse.

Recurrent

RECUR'RENT, adjective [Latin recurrens.

1. Returning from time to time; as recurrent pains of a disease.

2. In crystallography, a recurrent crystal is one whose faces, being counted in annular ranges from one extremity to the other, furnish two different numbers which succeed each other times, as 4, 8, 4, 8, 4.

3. In anatomy, the recurrent nerve is a branch of the par vagum, given off in the upper part of the thorax, which is reflected and runs up along the trachea to the larynx.

Recursion

RECUR'SION, noun [Latin recursus, recurro; re and curro, to run.] Return. [Little used.]

Recurvate

RECURV'ATE, verb transitive [Latin recurro; re and curvo, to bend.] To bend back.

RECURV'ATE, adjective

1. In botany, bent, bowed or curved downwards; as a recurvate leaf.

2. Bent outward; as a recurvate prickle, awn, petiole, calyx or corol.

Recurvation

RECURVA'TION,

RECURVE, verb transitive recurv'. [Latin recurvo, supra.] To bend back.

Recurved

RECURV'ED, participle passive Bent back or downwards; as a recurved leaf.

Recurviroster

RECURV'IROSTER, noun [Latin recurvus, bent back, and rostrum, a beak.]

A fowl whose beak or bill bends upwards, as the avoset.

Recurvity

RECURV'ITY, noun A bending or flexure backwards.

Recurvous

RECURV'OUS, adjective [Latin recurvus.] Bent backwards.

Recusancy

RECU'SANCY, noun Non-conformity. [See Recusant.]

Recusant

RECU'SANT, adjective s as z. [Latin recusans, recuso, to refuse; re and the root of causa, signifying to drive. The primary sense is to repel or drive back.]

Refusing to acknowledge the supremacy of the king, or to conform to the established rites of the church; as a recusant lord.

RECU'SANT, noun [supra.]

1. In English history, a person who refuses to acknowledge the supremacy of the king in matters of religion; as a popish recusant who acknowledges the supremacy of the pope.

2. One who refuses communion with the church of England; a non-conformist.

All that are recusants of holy rites.

Recusation

RECUSA'TION, noun [Latin recusatio.]

1. Refusal.

2. In law, the act of refusing a judge, or challenging that he shall not try the cause, on account of his supposed partiality. [This practice is now obsolete.]

Recuse

RECU'SE, verb transitive s as z. [Latin recuso.] To refuse or reject, as a judge; to challenge that the judge shall not try the cause. [The practice and the word are obsolete.]

Red

RED, adjective [Gr red and a rose, from its color. Heb. to descend, to bring down. Latin gradior, also to correct, to teach, erudio.]

Of a bright color, resembling blood. red is a simple or primary color, but of several different shades or hues, as scarlet, crimson, vermilion, orange red etc. We say red color, red cloth, red flame, red eyes, red cheeks, red lead, etc.

RED book of the exchequer, an ancient English record or manuscript containing various treatises relating to the times before the conquest.

RED men, red people, red children, the aboriginals of America, as distinguished from the whites.

RED, noun A red color; as a brighter color, the best of all the reds.

Red-Berried

RED'-BERRIED, adjective Having or bearing red berries; as red-berried shrub cassia.

Red-Bird

RED-BIRD, noun The popular name of several birds in the United States, as the Tanagra aestiva or summer red-bird the Tanagra rubra, and the Baltimore oriole or hangnest.

Red-Chalk

RED-CHALK, noun A kind of clay ironstone; reddle.

RED'-COAT, noun A name given to a soldier who wears a red coat.

Red-Hot

RED'-HOT, noun Red with heat; heated to redness; as red-hot iron; red-hot balls.

Red-Led

RED'-LED, noun red-led [red and lead.] Minium, or red oxyd of lead, composed of 88 parts of lead and 12 of oxygen.

Redact

REDACT', verb transitive [Latin redactus, redigo; red, re, and ago.]

To force; to reduce to form. [Not used.]

Redan

RED'AN, noun [written sometimes redent and redens; said to be contracted from Latin recedens. Lunier.]

In fortification, a work indented, or formed with salient and re-entering angles, so that one part may flank and defend another.

Redargue

RED'ARGUE, verb transitive [Latin redarguo; red, re, and arguo.] To refute. [Not in use.]

Redargution

REDARGU'TION, noun [supra.] Refutation; conviction. [Not in use.]

Redbreast

RED'BREAST, noun A bird so called from the color of its breast, a species of Motacilla. In America, this name is given to the robin, so called, a species of Turdus.

Redbud

RED'BUD, noun A plant or tree of the genus Cercis.

Redden

REDDEN, verb transitive red'n. [from red.] To make red.

REDDEN, verb intransitive red'n.

1. To grow or become red.

- The coral redden and the ruby glow.

2. To blush.

Appius reddens at each word you speak.

Reddendum

REDDEND'UM, noun In law, the clause by which rent is reserved in a lease.

Reddish

RED'DISH, adjective Somewhat red; moderately red. Leviticus 13:19.

Reddishness

RED'DISHNESS, noun Redness in a moderate degree.

Reddition

REDDI'TION, noun [Latin reddo, to return.]

1. A returning of any thing; restitution; surrender.

2. Explanation; representation.

Redditive

RED'DITIVE, adjective [Latin redditivus, from reddo.]

Returning; answering to an interrogative; a term of grammar.

Reddle

RED'DLE, noun [from red.] Red chalk, commonly used as a pigment. It is a mineral of a florid color, but not of a deep red.

Rede

REDE, noun Counsel; advice. obsolete

REDE, verb transitive To counsel or advise. obsolete

Redeem

REDEE'M, verb transitive [Latin redimo; red, re, and emo, to obtain or purchase.]

1. To purchase back; to ransom; to liberate or rescue from captivity or bondage, or from any obligation or liability to suffer or to be forfeited, by paying an equivalent; as, to redeem prisoners or captured goods; to redeem a pledge.

2. To repurchase what has been sold; to regain possession of a thing alienated, by repaying the value of it to the possessor.

If a man [shall] sell a dwelling house in a walled city, then he may redeem it within a whole year after it is sold.

Leviticus 25:25.

3. To rescue; to recover; to deliver from.

Th' Almighty from the grave hath me redeem'd.

Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. Psalms 25:22. Deuteronomy 7:8.

The mass of earth not yet redeemed from chaos.

4. To compensate; to make amends for.

It is a chance which does redeem all sorrows.

By lesser ills the greater to redeem

5. To free by making atonement.

Thou hast one daughter who redeems nature from the general curse.

6. To pay the penalty of.

Which of you will be mortal to redeem man's mortal crime?

7. To save.

He could not have redeemed a portion of his time for contemplating the powers of nature.

8. To perform what has been promised; to make good by performance. He has redeemed his pledge or promise.

9. In law, to recall an estate, or to obtain the right to re-enter upon a mortgaged estate by paying to the mortgagee his principal, interest, and expenses or costs.

10. In theology, to rescue and deliver from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law, by obedience and suffering in the place of the sinner, or by doing and suffering that which is accepted in lieu of the sinner's obedience.

Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us. Galatians 3:13. Titus 2:14.

11. In commerce, to purchase or pay the value in specie, of any promissory note, bill or other evidence of debt, given by the state, by a company or corporation, or by an individual. The credit of a state, a banking company or individuals, is good when they can redeem all their stock, notes or bills, at par.

To redeem time, is to use more diligence in the improvement of it; to be diligent and active in duty and preparation. Ephesians 5:1.

Redeemable

REDEE'MABLE, adjective

1. That may be redeemed; capable of redemption.

2. That may be purchased or paid for in gold and silver, and brought into the possession of government or the original promiser.

The capital of the debt of the United States may be considered in the light of an annuity redeemable at the pleasure of the government.

Redeemableness

REDEE'MABLENESS, noun The state of being redeemable.

Redeemed

REDEE'MED, participle passive Ransomed; delivered from bondage, distress, penalty, liability, or from the possession of another, by paying an equivalent.

Redeemer

REDEE'MER, noun

1. One who redeems or ransoms.

2. The Savior of the world, JESUS CHRIST.

Redeeming

REDEE'MING, participle present tense Ransoming; procuring deliverance from captivity, capture, bondage, sin, distress or liability to suffer, by the payment of an equivalent.

Redeliberate

REDELIB'ERATE, verb intransitive [re and deliberate.] To deliberate again.

REDELIB'ERATE, verb transitive To reconsider. [Not in use.]

Redeliver

REDELIV'ER, verb transitive [re and deliver.]

1. To deliver back.

2. To deliver again; to liberate a second time.

Redeliverance

REDELIV'ERANCE, noun A second deliverance.

Redelivered

REDELIV'ERED, participle passive Delivered back; liberated again.

Redelivering

REDELIV'ERING, participle present tense Delivering back; liberating again.

Redelivery

REDELIV'ERY, noun The act of delivering back; also, a second delivery or liberation.

Redemand

REDEM'AND, verb transitive [re and demand.]

To demand back; to demand again.

REDEM'AND, noun A demanding back again.

Redemandable

REDEM'ANDABLE, adjective That may be demanded back.

Redemanded

REDEM'ANDED, participle passive Demanded back or again.

Redemanding

REDEM'ANDING, participle present tense Demanding back or again.

Redemise

REDEMI'SE, verb transitive s as z. [re and demise.] To convey or transfer back, as an estate in fee simple, fee tail, for life or a term of years.

REDEMI'SE, noun Reconveyance; the transfer of an estate back to the person who has demised it; as the demise and redemise of an estate in fee simple, fee tail, or for life or years, by mutual leases.

Redemised

REDEMI'SED, participle passive Reconveyed, as an estate.

Redemising

REDEMI'SING, participle present tense Reconveying.

Redemption

REDEMP'TION, noun [Latin redemptio. See Redeem.]

1. Repurchase of captured goods or prisoners; the act of procuring the deliverance of persons or things from the possession and power of captors by the payment of an equivalent; ransom; release; as the redemption of prisoners taken in war; the redemption of a ship and cargo.

2. Deliverance from bondage, distress, or from liability to any evil or forfeiture, either by money, labor or other means.

3. Repurchase, as of lands alienated. Leviticus 25:24. Jeremiah 32:7.

4. The liberation of an estate from a mortgage; or the purchase of the right to re-enter upon it by paying the principal sum for which it was mortgaged with interest and cost; also, the right of redeeming and re-entering.

5. Repurchase of notes, bills or other evidence of debt by paying their value in specie to their holders.

6. In theology, the purchase of God's favor by the death and sufferings of Christ; the ransom or deliverance of sinners from the bondage of sin and the penalties of God's violated law by the atonement of Christ.

In whom we have redemption through his blood. Ephesians 1:7.

Colossians 1:14.

Redemptioner

REDEMP'TIONER, noun One who redeems himself, or purchases his release from debt or obligation to the master of a ship by his services; or one whose services are sold to pay the expenses of his passage to America.

Redemptory

REDEMP'TORY, adjective Paid for ransom; as Hector's redemptory price.

Redented

REDENT'ED, a. Formed like the teeth of a saw; indented.

Redescend

REDESCEND', verb intransitive [re and descent.] To descend again.

Redescending

REDESCEND'ING, participle present tense Descending again.

Redeye

RED'EYE, noun [red and eye.] A fish of a red color, particularly the iris.

Redgum

RED'GUM, noun A disease of new born infants; an eruption of red pimples in early infancy.

RED'-HAIRED, adjective Having hair of a red or sandy color.

Redient

RED'IENT, adjective [Latin rediens, redeo, to return.] Returning.

Redigest

REDIGEST', verb transitive To digest or reduce to form a second time.

Redigested

REDIGEST'ED, participle passive Digested again.

Redigesting

REDIGEST'ING, participle present tense Digesting a second time; reducing again to order.

Redintegrate

REDIN'TEGRATE, verb transitive [Latin redintegro; red, re, and integro, from integer, whole.]

To make whole again; to renew; to restore to a perfect state.

REDIN'TEGRATE, adjective Renewed; restored to wholeness or a perfect state.

Redintegrated

REDIN'TEGRATED, participle passive Renewed; restored to entireness.

Redintegrating

REDIN'TEGRATING, participle present tense Restoring to a perfect state.

Redintegration

REDINTEGRA'TION, noun

1. Renovation; restoration to a whole or sound state.

2. In chimistry, the restoration of any mixed body or matter to its former nature and constitution.

Redisburse

REDISBURSE, verb transitive redisburs'. [re and disburse.] To repay or refund.

Redispose

REDISPOSE, verb transitive s as z. [re and dispose.] To dispose or adjust again.

Redisposed

REDISPO'SED, participle passive Disposed anew.

Redisposing

REDISPO'SING, participle present tense Disposing or adjusting anew.

Redisseizin

REDISSE'IZIN, noun [re and disseizin.] In law, a writ of redisseizin is a writ to recover seizin of lands or tenements against a redisseizor.

Redisseizor

REDISSE'IZOR, noun [re and disseizor.] A person who disseizes lands or tenements a second time, or after a recovery of the same from him in an action of novel disseizin.

Redissolve

REDISSOLVE, verb transitive redizolv'. [re and dissolve.] To dissolve again.

Redissolved

REDISSOLV'ED, participle passive Dissolved a second time.

Redissolving

REDISSOLV'ING, participle present tense Dissolving again.

Redistribute

REDISTRIB'UTE, verb transitive [re and distribute.] To distribute again; to deal back again.

Redistributed

REDISTRIB'UTED, participle passive Distributed again or back.

Redistributing

REDISTRIB'UTING, participle passive Distributing again or back.

Redistribution

REDISTRIBU'TION, noun A dealing back, or a second distribution.

Redly

RED'LY, adverb With redness.

Redness

RED'NESS, noun [See Red.] The quality of being red; red color.

Redolence

RED'OLENCE,

RED'OLENCY, noun [from redolent.] Sweet scent.

Redolency

RED'OLENCY, n. [from redolent.] Sweet scent.

Redolent

RED'OLENT, adjective [Latin redolens, redoleo; red, re, and oleo, to smell.]

Having or diffusing a sweet scent.

Redouble

REDOUBLE, verb transitive redub'l. [re and double.]

1. To repeat in return.

2. To repeat often; as, to redouble blows.

3. To increase by repeated or continued additions.

And AEtna rages with redoubl'd heat.

REDOUBLE, verb intransitive redub'l. To become twice as much.

The argument redoubles upon us.

Redoubled

REDOUBLED, participle passive redub'ld. Repeated in return; repeated over and over; increased by repeated or continued additions.

Redoubling

REDOUBLING, participle present tense redub'ling. Repeating in return; repeating again and again; increasing by repeated or continued additions.

Redound

REDOUND, verb intransitive [Latin redundo; red, re, and undo, to rise or swell, as waves.]

1. To be sent, rolled or driven back.

The evil, soon driven back, redounded as a flood on those from whom it sprung.

2. To conduce in the consequence; to contribute; to result.

The honor done to our religion ultimately redounds to God the author of it.

3. To proceed in the consequence or effect; to result.

There will no small use redound from them to that manufactures.

Redounding

REDOUND'ING, participle present tense Conducing; contributing; resulting.

Redout

REDOUT', noun [Latin reductus, reduco, to bring back; literally a retreat. The usual orthography, redoubt, is egregiously erroneous.]

In fortification, an outwork; a small square fort without any defense, except in front; used in trenches, lines of circumvallation, contravallation and approach to defend passages, etc.

Redoutable

REDOUT'ABLE, adjective

Formidable; that is to be dreaded; terrible to foes; as a redoubtable hero. Hence the implied sense is valiant.

Redouted

REDOUT'ED, adjective Formidable. [Not in use.]

Redpole

RED'POLE, noun A bird with a red head or poll, of the genus Fringilla.

Redraft

REDR'AFT, verb transitive [re and draft.] To draw or draft anew.

REDR'AFT, noun

1. A second draft or copy.

2. In the French commercial code, a new bill of exchange which the holder of a protested bill draws on the drawer or indorsers, by which he reimburses to himself the amount of the protested bill with costs and charges.

Redrafted

REDR'AFTED, participle passive Drafted again; transcribed into a new copy.

Redrafting

REDR'AFTING, participle present tense Redrawing; drafting or transcribing again.

Redraw

REDRAW', verb transitive [re and draw.]

1. To draw again. In commerce, to draw a new bill of exchange, as the holder of a protested bill, on the drawer or indorsers.

2. To draw a second draft or copy.

Redress

REDRESS', verb transitive

1. To set right; to amend.

In yonder spring of roses, find what to redress till noon.

[In this sense, as applied to material things, rarely used.]

2. To remedy; to repair; to relieve from, and sometimes to indemnify for; as, to redress wrongs; to redress injuries; to redress grievances. Sovereigns are bound to protect their subjects, and redress their grievances.

3. To ease; to relieve; as, she labored to redress my pain.

[We use this verb before the person or the thing. We say, to redress an injured person, or to redress the injury. The latter is most common.]

REDRESS', noun

1. Reformation; amendment.

For us the more necessary is a speedy redress of ourselves.

[This sense is now unusual.]

2. Relief; remedy; deliverance from wrong, injury or oppression; as the redress of grievances. We applied to government, but could obtain no redress

There is occasion for redress when the cry is universal.

3. Reparation; indemnification. [This sense is often directly intended or implied in redress ]

4. One who gives relief.

Fair majesty, the refuge and redress of those whom fate pursues and wants oppress.

Redressed

REDRESS'ED, participle passive Remedied; set right; relieved; indemnified.

Redresser

REDRESS'ER, noun One who gives redress.

Redressing

REDRESS'ING, participle present tense Setting right; relieving; indemnifying.

Redressive

REDRESS'IVE, adjective Affording relief.

Redressless

REDRESS'LESS, adjective Without amendment; without relief.

Redsear

REDSE'AR, verb intransitive [red and sear.] To break or crack when too hot, as iron under the hammer; a term of workmen.

Redshank

RED'SHANK, noun

1. A bird of the genus Scolopax.

2. A contemptuous appellation for bare legged persons.

Redshort

RED'SHORT, adjective [red and short.] Brittle, or breaking short when red hot, as a metal; a term of workmen.

Redstart

RED'START,

RED'STREAK, noun [red and streak.]

1. A sort of apple, so called from its red streaks.

2. Cider pressed from the red streak apples.

Redstreak

RED'STREAK, n. [red and streak.] 1. A sort of apple, so called from its red streaks.2. Cider pressed from the red streak apples.

Redtail

RED'TAIL, noun [red and start.] A bird of the genus Motacilla.

Reduce

REDU'CE, verb transitive [Latin reduco; re and duco, to lead or bring.]

1. Literally, to bring back; as, to reduce these bloody days again.

[In this sense, not in use.]

2. To bring to a former state.

It were but just and equal to reduce me to my dust.

3. To bring to any state or condition, good or bad; as, to reduce civil or ecclesiastical affairs to order; to reduce a man to poverty; to reduce a state to distress; to reduce a substance to powder; to reduce a sum to fractions; to reduce on to despair.

4. To diminish in length, breadth, thickness, size, quantity or value; as, to reduce expenses; to reduce the quantity of any thing; to reduce the intensity of heat; to reduce the brightness of color light; to reduce a sum or amount; to reduce the price of goods.

5. To lower; to degrade; to impair in dignity or excellence.

Nothing so excellent but a man may fasten on something belonging to it, to reduce it.

6. To subdue; to bring into subjection. The Romans reduced Spain, Gaul and Britain by their arms.

7. To reclaim to order.

8. To bring, as into a class, order, genus or species; to bring under rules or within certain limits of description; as, to reduce animals or vegetables to a class or classes; to reduce men to tribes; to reduce language to rules.

9. In arithmetic, to change numbers from one denomination into another without altering their value; or to change numbers of one denomination into others of the same value; as, to reduce a dollar to a hundred cents, or a hundred cents to a dollar.

10. In algebra, to reduce equations, is to clear them of all superfluous quantities, bring them to their lowest terms, and separate the known from the unknown, till at length the unknown quantity only is found on one side and the known ones on the other.

11. In metallurgy, to bring back metallic substances which have been divested of their form, into their original state of metals.

12. In surgery, to restore to its proper place or state a dislocated or fractured bone.

To reduce a figure, design or draught, to make a copy of it larger or smaller than the original, but preserving the form and proportion.

Reduced

REDU'CED, participle passive Brought back; brought to a former state; brought into any state or condition; diminished; subdued; impoverished.

Reducement

REDU'CEMENT, noun The act of bringing back; the act of diminishing; the act of subduing; reduction.

[This word is superseded by reduction.]

Reducer

REDU'CER, noun One that reduces.

Reducible

REDU'CIBLE, adjective That may be reduced.

All the parts of painting are reducible into these mentioned by the author.

Reducibleness

REDU'CIBLENESS, noun The quality of being reducible.

Reducing

REDU'CING, participle present tense Bringing back; bringing to a former state, or to a different state or form; diminishing; subduing; impoverishing.

Reduct

REDUCT', verb transitive [Latin reductus, reduco.] To reduce. [Not in use.]

REDUCT', noun In building, a little place taken out of a larger to make it more regular and uniform, or for some other convenience.

Reduction

REDUC'TION, noun [Latin reductio.]

1. The act of reducing, or state of being reduced; as the reduction of a body to powder; the reduction of things to order.

2. Diminution; as the reduction of the expenses of government; the reduction of the national debt.

3. Conquest; subjugation; as the reduction of a province to the power of a foreign nation.

4. In arithmetic, the bringing of numbers of different denominations into one denomination; as the reduction of pounds, ounces, pennyweights and grains to grains, or the reduction of grains to pounds; the reduction of days and hours to minutes, or of minutes to hours and days. The change of numbers of a higher denomination into a lower, as of pounds into pence or farthings, is called reduction descending; the change of numbers of a lower denomination into a higher, as of cents into dimes, dollars or eagles, is called reduction ascending. Hence the rule for bringing sums of different denominations into one denomination, is called reduction

5. In algebra, reduction of equations is the clearing of them of all superfluous quantities, bringing them to their lowest terms and separating the known from the unknown, till the unknown quantity alone is found on one side, and the known ones of the other.

6. reduction of a figure, men, etc. is the making of a copy of it on a smaller or larger scale, preserving the form and proportions.

7. In surgery, the operation of restoring a dislocated or fractured bone to its former place.

8. In metallurgy, the operation of bringing metallic substances which have been changed, or divested of their metallic form, into their natural and original state of metals. This is called also revivification.

Reductive

REDUC'TIVE, adjective Having the power of reducing.

REDUC'TIVE, noun That which has the power of reducing.

Reductively

REDUC'TIVELY, adverb By reduction; by consequence.

Redundance

REDUND'ANCE,

REDUND'ANCY, noun [Latin redundantia, red-undo. See Redound.]

1. Excess or superfluous quantity; superfluity; superabundance; as a redundancy of bile.

Labor throws off redundancies.

2. In discourse, superfluity of words.

Redundancy

REDUND'ANCY, n. [L. redundantia, red-undo. See Redound.] 1. Excess or superfluous quantity; superfluity; superabundance; as a redundancy of bile.Labor throws off redundancies.2. In discourse, superfluity of words.

Redundant

REDUND'ANT, adjective

1. Superfluous; exceeding what is natural or necessary; superabundant; exuberant; as a redundant quantity of bile or food.

Notwithstanding the redundant oil in fishes, they do not increase fat so much as flesh.

Redundant words, in writing or discourse, are such as are synonymous with others used, or such as add nothing to the sense or force of the expression.

2. Using more words or images than are necessary or useful.

Where an author is redundant mark those paragraphs to be retrenched.

3. In music, a redundant chord is one which contains a greater number of tones, semitones or lesser intervals, than it does in its natural state, as from fa to sol sharp. It is called by some authors, a chord extremely sharp.

Redundantly

REDUND'ANTLY, adverb With superfluity or excess; superfluously; superabundantly.

Reduplicate

REDU'PLICATE, verb transitive [Latin reduplico; re and duplico. See Duplicate.]

To double.

REDUPLICATE, adjective Double.

Reduplication

REDUPLICA'TION, noun The act of doubling.

Reduplicative

REDU'PLICATIVE, adjective Double.

Redwing

RED'WING, noun [red and wing.] A bird of the Turdus.

Ree

REE,

RE, noun A small Portuguese coin or money of account, value about one mill and a fourth, American money.

REE, verb transitive [This belongs to the root of rid, riddle, which see.]

To riddle; to sift; that is, to separate or throw off. [Not in use or local.]

Reechy

REECH'Y, adjective [a mis-spelling of reeky. See Reek.]

Tarnished with smoke; sooty; foul; as a reechy neck.

Reed

REED, noun

1. The common name of many aquatic plants; most of them large grasses, with hollow jointed stems, such as the common reed of the genus Arundo, the bamboo, etc. The bur-reed is of the genus Sparganium; the Indian Flowering reed of the genus Canna.

2. A musical pipe; reeds being anciently used for instruments of music.

3. A little tube through which a hautboy, bassoon or clarinet is blown.

4. An arrow, as made of a reed headed.

5. Thatch.

Reeded

REE'DED, adjective

1. Covered with reeds.

2. Formed with channels and ridges like reeds.

Reeden

REEDEN, adjective ree'dn. Consisting of a reed or reeds' as reeden pipes.

Reedgrass

REE'DGRASS, noun A plant, bur-reed, of the genus Sparganium.

Reedless

REE'DLESS, adjective Destitute of reeds; as reedless banks.

Reedmace

REE'DMACE, noun A plant of the genus Typha.

Reedy

REE'DY, adjective Abounding with reeds; as a reedy pool.

Reef

REEF, noun

A certain portion of a sail between the top or bottom and a row of eyelet holes, which is folded or rolled up to contract the sail, when the violence of the wind renders it necessary.

REEF, noun

A chain or range of rocks lying at or near the surface of the water.

REEF, verb transitive [from the noun.] To contract or reduce the extent of a sail by rolling or folding a certain portion of it and making it fast to the yard.

Reef-Bank

REE'F-BANK, noun A piece of canvas sewed across a sail, to strengthen it in the part where the eyelet holes are formed.

Reef-Line

REE'F-LINE, noun A small rope formerly used to reef the courses by being passed through the holes of the reef spirally.

Reef-Tackle

REE'F-TACKLE, noun A tackle upon deck, communicating with its pendant, and passing through a block at the top-mast head, and through a hole in the top-sail-yard-arm, is attached to a cringle below the lowest reef; used to pull the skirts of the top-sails close to the extremities of the yards to lighten the labor of reefing.

Reefed

REE'FED, participle passive Having a portion of the top or bottom folded and made fast to the yard.

Reefing

REE'FING, participle present tense Folding and making fast to the yard, as a portion of a sail.

Reek

REEK, noun

1. Vapor; steam.

2. A rick, which see.

REEK, verb intransitive [Latin fragro. The primary sense is to send out or emit, to extend, to reach.]

To steam; to exhale; to emit vapor; applied especially to the vapor of certain moist substances, rather than to the smoke of burning bodies.

I found me laid in balmy sweat, which with his beams the sun soon dry'd, and on the reeking moisture fed.

Whose blood yet reeks on my avenging sword.

Reeking

REE'KING, participle present tense Steaming; emitting vapor.

Reeky

REE'KY, adjective Smoky; soiled with smoke or steam; foul.

Reel

REEL, noun [See reel to stagger.]

1. A frame or machine turning on an axis, and on which yarn is extended for winding, either into skeins, or from skeins on to spools and quills. On a reel also seamen wind their log-lines, etc.

2. A kind of dance.

REEL, verb transitive To gather yarn from the spindle.

REEL, verb intransitive

To stagger; to incline or move in walking, first to one side and then to the other; to vacillate.

He with heavy fumes opprest, reel'd from the palace and retir'd to rest.

They reel to and fro, and stagger like a drunken man.

Psalms 107:27.

Reermouse

RE'ERMOUSE, noun A rearmouse; a bat.

Reeve

REEVE, noun A steward. obsolete

REEVE, noun A bird, the female of the ruff.

REEVE, verb transitive In seamen's language, to pass the end of a rope through any hole in a block, thimble, cleat, ring-bolt, cringle, etc.

Refect

REFECT', verb transitive [Latin refectus, reficio; re and facio, to make.]

To refresh; to restore after hunger or fatigue. [Not in use.]

Refection

REFEC'TION, noun [Latin refectio.]

1. Refreshment after hunger or fatigue.

2. A spare meal or repast.

Refective

REFECT'IVE, adjective Refreshing; restoring.

REFECT'IVE, noun That which refreshes.

Refectory

REFECT'ORY, noun A room of refreshment; properly, a hall or apartment in convents and monasteries, where a moderate repast is taken.

Refel

REFEL', verb transitive [Latin refello.] To refute; to disprove; to repress; as, to refel the tricks of a sophister. [Little used.]

Refer

REFER', verb transitive [Latin refero; re and fero, to bear.]

1. To direct, leave or deliver over to another person or tribunal for information or decision; as when parties to a suit refer their cause to another court; or the court refers a cause to individuals for examination and report. A person whose opinion is requested, sometimes refers the inquirer to another person or other source of information.

2. To reduce as to the ultimate end.

You profess and practice to refer all things to yourself.

3. To reduce; to assign; as to an order, genus or class. Naturalists are sometimes at a loss to know to what class or genus an animal or plant is to be referred.

To refer one's self, to betake; to apply. [Little used.]

REFER', verb intransitive

1. To respect; to have relation. Many passages of Scripture refer to the peculiar customs of the orientals.

2. To appeal; to have recourse; to apply.

In suits it is good to refer to some friend of trust.

3. To allude; to have respect to by intimation without naming. I refer to a well known fact.

Referable

REF'ERABLE, adjective

1. That may be referred; capable of being considered in relation to something else.

2. That may be assigned; that may be considered as belonging to or related to.

It is a question among philosophers, whether all the attractions which obtain between bodies, are referable to one general cause.

Referee

REFEREE', noun One to whom a thing is referred; particularly, a person appointed by a court to hear, examine and decide a cause between parties, pending before the court, and make report to the court. In New England, a referee differs from a arbitrator, in being appointed by the court to decide in a cause which is depending before that court. An arbitrator is chosen by parties to decide a cause between them.

Reference

REF'ERENCE, noun

1. A sending, dismission or direction to another for information.

2. Relation; respect; view towards.

The christian religion commands sobriety, temperance and moderation, in reference to our appetites and passions.

3. Allusion to. In his observations he had no reference to the case which has been stated.

4. In law, the process of assigning a cause depending in court, for a hearing and decision, to persons appointed by the court.

Referendary

REFEREND'ARY, noun

1. One to whose decision a cause is referred. [Not in use.]

2. An officer who delivered the royal answer to petitions.

Referment

REFER'MENT, noun Reference for decision. [Not used.]

Referred

REFER'RED, participle passive Dismissed or directed to another; assigned, as to a class, order or cause; assigned by a court to persons appointed to decide.

Referrible

REFER'RIBLE, adjective That may be referred; referable.

Referring

REFER'RING, participle present tense Dismissing or directing to another for information; alluding; assigning, as to a class, order, cause, etc.; or assigning to private persons for decision.

Refine

REFI'NE, verb transitive

1. To purify; in a general sense; applied to liquors, to depurate; to defecate; to clarify; to separate, as liquor, from all extraneous matter. In this sense, the verb is used with propriety, but it is customary to use fine.

2. Applied to metals, to separate the metallic substance from all other matter, whether another metal or alloy, or any earthy substance; in short, to detach the pure metal from all extraneous matter.

I will bring the third part through the fire, and will refine them as silver is refined. Zechariah 13:9.

3. To purify, as manners, from what is gross, clownish or vulgar; to polish; to make elegant. We expect to see refined manners in courts.

4. To purify, as language, by removing vulgar words and barbarisms.

5. To purify, as taste; to give a nice and delicate perception of beauty and propriety in literature and the arts.

6. To purify, as the mind or moral principles; to give or implant in the mind a nice perception of truth, justice and propriety in commerce and social intercourse. This nice perception of what is right constitutes rectitude of principle, or moral refinement of mind; and a correspondent practice of social duties, constitutes rectitude of conduct or purity of morals. Hence we speak of a refined mind, refined morals, refined principles.

To refine the heart or soul, to cleanse it from all carnal or evil affections and desires and implant in it holy or heavenly affections.

REFI'NE, verb intransitive

1. To improve in accuracy, delicacy, or in any thing that constitutes excellence.

Chaucer refined on Boccace and mended his stories.

Let a lord but own the happy lines, how the wit brightens, how the sense refines!

2. to become pure; to be cleared of feculent matter.

So the pure limpid stream, when foul with stains, works itself clear, and as it runs, refines.

3. To affect nicety. Men sometimes refine in speculation beyond the limits of practical truth.

He makes another paragraph about our refining in controversy.

Refined

REFI'NED, participle passive Purified; separated from extraneous matter; assayed, as metals; clarified, as liquors; polished; separated from what is coarse, rude or improper.

Refinedly

REFI'NEDLY, adverb With affected nicety or elegance.

Refinedness

REFI'NEDNESS, noun State of being refined; purity; refinement; also, affected purity.

Refinement

REFI'NEMENT, noun

1. The act of purifying by separating from a substance all extraneous matter; a clearing from dross, dregs or recrement; as the refinement of metals or liquors.

2. The state of being pure.

The more bodies are of a kin to spirit in subtilty and refinement the more diffusive are they.

3. Polish of language; elegance; purity.

From the civil war to this time, I doubt whether the corruptions in our language have not equaled its refinements.

4. Polish of manners; elegance; nice observance of the civilities of social intercourse and of graceful decorum. refinement of manners is often found in persons of corrupt morals.

5. Purity of taste; nice perception of beauty and propriety in literature and the arts.

6. Purity of mind and morals; nice perception and observance of rectitude in moral principles and practice.

7. Purity of heart; the state of the heart purified from sensual and evil affections. This refinement is the effect of christian principles.

8. Artificial practice; subtilty; as the refinements of cunning.

9. Affectation of nicety, or of elegant improvement; as the refinements of reasoning or philosophy.

Refiner

REFI'NER, noun

1. One that refines metals or other things.

2. An improver in purity and elegance; as a refiner of language.

3. An inventor of superfluous subtilities; one is who over nice in discrimination, in argument, reasoning, philosophy, etc.

Refinery

REFI'NERY, noun The place and apparatus for refining metals.

Refining

REFI'NING, participle present tense Purifying; separating from alloy or any extraneous matter; polishing; improving in accuracy, delicacy or purity.

Refit

REFIT', verb transitive [re and fit.] To fit or prepare again; to repair; to restore after damage or decay; as, to refit ships of war.

Refitted

REFIT'TED, participle passive Prepared again; repaired.

Refitting

REFIT'TING, participle present tense Repairing after damage or decay.

Reflect

REFLECT', verb transitive [Latin reflecto; re and flecto, to bend.]

To throw back; to return. In the rainbow, the rays of light are reflected as well as refracted.

Bodies close together reflect their own color.

REFLECT', verb intransitive

1. To throw back light; to return rays or beams; as a reflecting mirror or gem.

2. To bend back.

3. To throw or turn back the thoughts upon the past operations of the mind or upon past events. We reflect with pleasure on a generous or heroic action; we reflect with pain on our follies and vices; we reflect on our former thoughts, meditations and opinions.

4. To consider attentively; to revolve in the mind; to contemplate; as, I will reflect on this subject.

And as I much reflected, much I mourn'd.

In every action, reflect upon the end.

[To reflect on things future, is not strictly possible, yet the word is often used as synonymous with meditate and contemplate.]

5. To bring reproach.

Errors of wives reflect on husband still.

To reflect on, to cast censure or reproach.

I do not reflect in the least on the memory of his late majesty.

Reflected

REFLECT'ED, participle passive Thrown back; returned; as reflected light.

Reflectent

REFLECT'ENT, adjective Bending or flying back; as the ray descendent, and ray reflectent

Reflectible

REFLECT'IBLE, adjective That may be reflected or thrown back.

Reflecting

REFLECT'ING, participle present tense

1. Throwing back.

2. Turning back, as thoughts upon themselves or upon past events.

3. reflecting on, casting censure or reproach.

Reflectingly

REFLECT'INGLY, adverb With reflection; with censure.