A Sort of Sorites, as the Logicians Call It, to Show that the Parables of the Lost Sheep and the Lost Drachma Have No Suitable Application to the Christ of Marcion (part 1 of 2)

Who sought after the lost sheep and the lost piece of silver?⁴⁷⁶⁷ Was it not the loser? But who was the loser? Was it not he who once possessed⁴⁷⁶⁸ them? Who, then, was that? Was it not he to whom they belonged?⁴⁷⁶⁹ Since, then, man is the property of none other than the Creator, He possessed Him who owned him; He lost him who once possessed him; He sought him who lost him; He found him who sought him; He rejoiced who found him. Therefore the purport⁴⁷⁷⁰ of neither parable has anything whatever to do with him⁴⁷⁷¹ to whom belongs neither the sheep nor the piece of silver, that is to say, man. For he lost him not, because he possessed him not; and he sought him not, because he lost him not; and he found him not, because he sought him not; and he rejoiced not, because he found him not. Therefore, to rejoice over the sinner's repentance—that is, at the recovery of lost man—is the attribute of Him who long ago professed that He would rather that the sinner should repent and not die.

Chapter XXXIII.—The Marcionite Interpretation of God and Mammon Refuted. The Prophets Justify Christ's Admonition Against Covetousness and Pride. John Baptist the Link Between the Old and the New Dispensations of the Creator. So Said Christ—But So Also Had Isaiah Said Long Before. One Only God, the Creator, by His Own Will Changed the Dispensations. No New God Had a Hand in the Change.

What the two masters are who, He says, cannot be served,⁴⁷⁷² on the ground that while one is pleased⁴⁷⁷³ the other must needs be displeased,⁴⁷⁷⁴ He Himself makes clear, when He mentions God and mammon. Then, if you have no interpreter by you, you may learn again from Himself what He would have understood by mammon.⁴⁷⁷⁵ For when advising us to provide for ourselves the help of friends in worldly affairs, after the example of that steward who, when removed from his office,⁴⁷⁷⁶ relieves his lord's debtors by lessening their debts with a view to their recompensing him with their help, He said, "And I say unto you, Make to yourselves friends of the mammon of unrighteousness," that is to say, of money, even as the steward had done. Now we are all of us aware that money is the instigator⁴⁷⁷⁷ of unrighteousness, and the lord of the whole world. Therefore, when he saw the covetousness of the Pharisees doing servile worship⁴⁷⁷⁸ to it, He hurled⁴⁷⁷⁹ this sentence against them, "Ye cannot serve God and mammon."⁴⁷⁸⁰ Then the Pharisees, who were covetous of riches, derided Him, when they understood that by mammon He meant money. Let no one think that under the word mammon the Creator was meant, and that Christ called them off from the service of the Creator. What folly! Rather learn therefrom that one God was pointed out by Christ. For they were two masters whom He named, God and mammon—the Creator and money. You cannot indeed serve God—Him, of course whom they seemed to serve—and mammon to whom they preferred to devote themselves.⁴⁷⁸¹ If, however, he was giving himself out as another god, it would not be two masters, but three, that he had pointed out. For the Creator was a master, and much more of a master, to be sure,⁴⁷⁸² than mammon, and more to be adored, as being more truly our Master. Now, how was it likely that He who had called mammon a master, and had associated him with God, should say nothing of Him who was really the Master of even these, that is, the Creator? Or else, by this silence respecting Him did He concede that service might be rendered to Him, since it was to Himself alone and to mammon that He said service could not be (simultaneously) rendered? When, therefore, He lays down the position that God is one, since He would have been sure to mention⁴⁷⁸³ the Creator if He were Himself a rival⁴⁷⁸⁴ to Him, He did (virtually) name the Creator, when He refrained from insisting"⁴⁷⁸⁵ that He was Master alone, without a rival god. Accordingly, this will throw light upon the sense in which it was said, "If ye have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will commit to your trust the true riches?"⁴⁷⁸⁶ "In the unrighteous mammon," that is to say, in unrighteous riches, not in the Creator; for even Marcion allows Him to be righteous: "And if ye have not been faithful in that which is another man's, who will give to you that which is mine?"⁴⁷⁸⁷ For whatever is unrighteous ought to be foreign to the servants of God. But in what way was the Creator foreign to the Pharisees, seeing that He was the proper God of the Jewish nation? Forasmuch then as the words, "Who will entrust to you the truer riches?" and, "Who will give you that which is mine?" are only suitable to the Creator and not to mammon, He could not have uttered them as alien to the Creator, and in the interest of the rival god. He could only seem to have spoken them in this sense, if, when remarking⁴⁷⁸⁸ their unfaithfulness to the Creator and not to mammon, He had drawn some distinctions between the Creator (in his manner of mentioning Him) and the rival god—how that the latter would not commit his own truth to those who were unfaithful to the Creator. How then can he possibly seem to belong to another god, if He be not set forth, with the express intention of being separated⁴⁷⁸⁹ from the very thing which is in question. But when the Pharisees "justified themselves before men,"⁴⁷⁹⁰ and placed their hope of reward in man, He censured them in the sense in which the prophet Jeremiah said, "Cursed is the man that trusteth in man."⁴⁷⁹¹ Since the prophet went on to say, "But the Lord knoweth your hearts,"⁴⁷⁹² he magnified the power of that God who declared Himself to be as a lamp, "searching the reins and the heart."⁴⁷⁹³ When He strikes at pride in the words: "That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God,"⁴⁷⁹⁴ He recalls Isaiah: "For the day of the Lord of hosts shall be upon every one that is proud and lofty, and upon every one that is arrogant and lifted up, and they shall be brought low."⁴⁷⁹⁵ I can now make out why Marcion's god was for so long an age concealed. He was, I suppose, waiting until he had learnt all these things from the Creator. He continued his pupillage up to the time of John, and then proceeded forthwith to announce the kingdom of God, saying: "The law and the prophets were until John; since that time the kingdom of God is proclaimed."⁴⁷⁹⁶ Just as if we also did not recognise in John a certain limit placed between the old dispensation and the new, at which Judaism ceased and Christianity began—without, however, supposing that it was by the power of another god that there came about a cessation⁴⁷⁹⁷ of the law and the prophets and the commencement of that gospel in which is the kingdom of God, Christ Himself. For although, as we have shown, the Creator foretold that the old state of things would pass away and a new state would succeed, yet, inasmuch as John is shown to be both the forerunner and the preparer of the ways of that Lord who was to introduce the gospel and publish the kingdom of God, it follows from the very fact that John has come, that Christ must be that very Being who was to follow His harbinger John. So that, if the old course has ceased and the new has begun, with John intervening between them, there will be nothing wonderful in it, because it happens according to the purpose of the Creator; so that you may get a better proof for the kingdom of God from any quarter, however anomalous,⁴⁷⁹⁸ than from the conceit that the law and the prophets ended in John, and a new state of things began after him. "More easily, therefore, may heaven and earth pass away—as also the law and the prophets—than that one tittle of the Lord's words should fail."⁴⁷⁹⁹ "For," as says Isaiah: "the word of our God shall stand for ever."⁴⁸⁰⁰ Since even then by Isaiah it was Christ, the Word and Spirit⁴⁸⁰¹ of the Creator, who prophetically described John as "the voice of one crying in the wilderness to prepare the way of the Lord,"⁴⁸⁰² and as about to come for the purpose of terminating thenceforth the course of the law and the prophets; by their fulfilment and not their extinction, and in order that the kingdom of God might be announced by Christ, He therefore purposely added the assurance that the elements would more easily pass away than His words fail; affirming, as He did, the further fact, that what He had said concerning John had not fallen to the ground.

Chapter XXXIV.—Moses, Allowing Divorce, and Christ Prohibiting It, Explained. John Baptist and Herod. Marcion's Attempt to Discover an Antithesis in the Parable of the Rich Man and the Poor Man in Hades Confuted. The Creator's Appointment Manifested in Both States.

But Christ prohibits divorce, saying, "Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery; and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from her husband, also committeth adultery."⁴⁸⁰³ In order to forbid divorce, He makes it unlawful to marry a woman that has been put away. Moses, however, permitted repudiation in Deuteronomy: "When a man hath taken a wife, and hath lived with her, and it come to pass that she find no favour in his eyes, because he hath found unchastity in her; then let him write her a bill of divorcement and give it in her hand, and send her away out of his house."⁴⁸⁰⁴ You see, therefore, that there is a difference between the law and the gospel—between Moses and Christ?⁴⁸⁰⁵ To be sure there is!⁴⁸⁰⁶ But then you have rejected that other gospel which witnesses to the same verity and the same Christ.⁴⁸⁰⁷ There, while prohibiting divorce, He has given us a solution of this special question respecting it: "Moses," says He, "because of the hardness of your hearts, suffered you to give a bill of divorcement; but from the beginning it was not so"⁴⁸⁰⁸—for this reason, indeed, because He who had "made them male and female" had likewise said, "They twain shall become one flesh; what therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder."⁴⁸⁰⁹ Now, by this answer of His (to the Pharisees), He both sanctioned the provision of Moses, who was His own (servant), and restored to its primitive purpose⁴⁸¹⁰ the institution of the Creator, whose Christ He was. Since, however, you are to be refuted out of the Scriptures which you have received, I will meet you on your own ground, as if your Christ were mine. When, therefore, He prohibited divorce, and yet at the same time represented⁴⁸¹¹ the Father, even Him who united male and female, must He not have rather exculpated⁴⁸¹² than abolished the enactment of Moses? But, observe, if this Christ be yours when he teaches contrary to Moses and the Creator, on the same principle must He be mine if I can show that His teaching is not contrary to them. I maintain, then, that there was a condition in the prohibition which He now made of divorce; the case supposed being, that a man put away his wife for the express purpose of⁴⁸¹³ marrying another. His words are: "Whosoever putteth away his wife, and marrieth another, committeth adultery; and whosoever marrieth her that is put away from her husband, also committeth adultery,"⁴⁸¹⁴—"put away," that is, for the reason wherefore a woman ought not to be dismissed, that another wife may be obtained. For he who marries a woman who is unlawfully put away is as much of an adulterer as the man who marries one who is un-divorced. Permanent is the marriage which is not rightly dissolved; to marry,⁴⁸¹⁵ therefore, whilst matrimony is undissolved, is to commit adultery. Since, therefore, His prohibition of divorce was a conditional one, He did not prohibit absolutely; and what He did not absolutely forbid, that He permitted on some occasions,⁴⁸¹⁶ when there is an absence of the cause why He gave His prohibition. In very deed⁴⁸¹⁷ His teaching is not contrary to Moses, whose precept He partially⁴⁸¹⁸ defends, I will not⁴⁸¹⁹ say confirms. If, however, you deny that divorce is in any way permitted by Christ, how is it that you on your side⁴⁸²⁰ destroy marriage, not uniting man and woman, nor admitting to the sacrament of baptism and of the eucharist those who have been united in marriage anywhere else,⁴⁸²¹ unless they should agree together to repudiate the fruit of their marriage, and so the very Creator Himself? Well, then, what is a husband to do in your sect,⁴⁸²² if his wife commit adultery? Shall he keep her? But your own apostle, you know,⁴⁸²³ does not permit "the members of Christ to be joined to a harlot."⁴⁸²⁴ Divorce, therefore, when justly deserved,⁴⁸²⁵ has even in Christ a defender. So that Moses for the future must be considered as being confirmed by Him, since he prohibits divorce in the same sense as Christ does, if any unchastity should occur in the wife. For in the Gospel of Matthew he says, "Whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery."⁴⁸²⁶ He also is deemed equally guilty of adultery, who marries a woman put away by her husband. The Creator, however, except on account of adultery, does not put asunder what He Himself joined together, the same Moses in another passage enacting that he who had married after violence to a damsel, should thenceforth not have it in his power to put away his wife.⁴⁸²⁷ Now, if a compulsory marriage contracted after violence shall be permanent, how much rather shall a voluntary one, the result of agreement! This has the sanction of the prophet: "Thou shalt not forsake the wife of thy youth."⁴⁸²⁸ Thus you have Christ following spontaneously the tracks of the Creator everywhere, both in permitting divorce and in forbidding it. You find Him also protecting marriage, in whatever direction you try to escape. He prohibits divorce when He will have the marriage inviolable; He permits divorce when the marriage is spotted with unfaithfulness. You should blush when you refuse to unite those whom even your Christ has united; and repeat the blush when you disunite them without the good reason why your Christ would have them separated. I have⁴⁸²⁹ now to show whence the Lord derived this decision⁴⁸³⁰ of His, and to what end He directed it. It will thus become more fully evident that His object was not the abolition of the Mosaic ordinance⁴⁸³¹ by any suddenly devised proposal of divorce; because it was not suddenly proposed, but had its root in the previously mentioned John. For John reproved Herod, because he had illegally married the wife of his deceased brother, who had a daughter by her (a union which the law permitted only on the one occasion of the brother dying childless,⁴⁸³² when it even prescribed such a marriage, in order that by his own brother, and from his own wife,⁴⁸³³ seed might be reckoned to the deceased husband),⁴⁸³⁴ and was in consequence cast into prison, and finally, by the same Herod, was even put to death. The Lord having therefore made mention of John, and of course of the occurrence of his death, hurled His censure⁴⁸³⁵ against Herod in the form of unlawful marriages and of adultery, pronouncing as an adulterer even the man who married a woman that had been put away from her husband. This he said in order the more severely to load Herod with guilt, who had taken his brother's wife, after she had been loosed from her husband not less by death than by divorce; who had been impelled thereto by his lust, not by the prescription of the (Levirate) law—for, as his brother had left a daughter, the marriage with the widow could not be lawful on that very account;⁴⁸³⁶ and who, when the prophet asserted against him the law, had therefore put him to death. The remarks I have advanced on this case will be also of use to me in illustrating the subsequent parable of the rich man⁴⁸³⁷ tormented in hell, and the poor man resting in Abraham's bosom.⁴⁸³⁸ For this passage, so far as its letter goes, comes before us abruptly; but if we regard its sense and purport, it naturally⁴⁸³⁹ fits in with the mention of John wickedly slain, and of Herod, who had been condemned by him for his impious marriage.⁴⁸⁴⁰ It sets forth in bold outline⁴⁸⁴¹ the end of both of them, the "torments" of Herod and the "comfort" of John, that even now Herod might hear that warning: "They have there Moses and the prophets, let them hear them."⁴⁸⁴² Marcion, however, violently turns the passage to another end, and decides that both the torment and the comfort are retributions of the Creator reserved in the next life⁴⁸⁴³ for those who have obeyed the law and the prophets; whilst he defines the heavenly bosom and harbour to belong to Christ and his own god. Our answer to this is, that the Scripture itself which dazzles⁴⁸⁴⁴ his sight expressly distinguishes between Abraham's bosom, where the poor man dwells, and the infernal place of torment. "Hell" (I take it) means one thing, and "Abraham's bosom" another. "A great gulf" is said to separate those regions, and to hinder a passage from one to the other. Besides, the rich man could not have "lifted up his eyes,"⁴⁸⁴⁵ and from a distance too, except to a superior height, and from the said distance all up through the vast immensity of height and depth. It must therefore be evident to every man of intelligence who has ever heard of the Elysian fields, that there is some determinate place called Abraham's bosom, and that it is designed for the reception of the souls of Abraham's children, even from among the Gentiles (since he is "the father of many nations," which must be classed amongst his family), and of the same faith as that wherewithal he himself believed God, without the yoke of the law and the sign of circumcision. This region, therefore, I call Abraham's bosom. Although it is not in heaven, it is yet higher than hell,⁴⁸⁴⁶ and is appointed to afford an interval of rest to the souls of the righteous, until the consummation of all things shall complete the resurrection of all men with the "full recompense of their reward."⁴⁸⁴⁷ This consummation will then be manifested in heavenly promises, which Marcion, however, claims for his own god, just as if the Creator had never announced them. Amos, however, tells us of "those stories towards heaven"⁴⁸⁴⁸ which Christ "builds"—of course for His people. There also is that everlasting abode of which Isaiah asks, "Who shall declare unto you the eternal place, but He (that is, of course, Christ) who walketh in righteousness, speaketh of the straight path, hateth injustice and iniquity?"⁴⁸⁴⁹ Now, although this everlasting abode is promised, and the ascending stories (or steps) to heaven are built by the Creator, who further promises that the seed of Abraham shall be even as the stars of heaven, by virtue certainly of the heavenly promise, why may it not be possible,⁴⁸⁵⁰ without any injury to that promise, that by Abraham's bosom is meant some temporary receptacle of faithful souls, wherein is even now delineated an image of the future, and where is given some foresight of the glory⁴⁸⁵¹ of both judgments? If so, you have here, O heretics, during your present lifetime, a warning that Moses and the prophets declare one only God, the Creator, and His only Christ, and how that both awards of everlasting punishment and eternal salvation rest with Him, the one only God, who kills and who makes alive. Well, but the admonition, says Marcion, of our God from heaven has commanded us not to hear Moses and the prophets, but Christ; Hear Him is the command.⁴⁸⁵² This is true enough. For the apostles had by that time sufficiently heard Moses and the prophets, for they had followed Christ, being persuaded by Moses and the prophets. For even Peter would not have been able⁴⁸⁵³ to say, "Thou art the Christ,"⁴⁸⁵⁴ unless he had beforehand heard and believed Moses and the prophets, by whom alone Christ had been hitherto announced. Their faith, indeed, had deserved this confirmation by such a voice from heaven as should bid them hear Him, whom they had recognized as preaching peace, announcing glad tidings, promising an everlasting abode, building for them steps upwards into heaven.⁴⁸⁵⁵ Down in hell, however, it was said concerning them: "They have Moses and the prophets; let them hear them!"—even those who did not believe them or at least did not sincerely⁴⁸⁵⁶ believe that after death there were punishments for the arrogance of wealth and the glory of luxury, announced indeed by Moses and the prophets, but decreed by that God, who deposes princes from their thrones, and raiseth up the poor from dunghills.⁴⁸⁵⁷ Since, therefore, it is quite consistent in the Creator to pronounce different sentences in the two directions of reward and punishment, we shall have to conclude that there is here no diversity of gods,⁴⁸⁵⁸ but only a difference in the actual matters⁴⁸⁵⁹ before us.

Chapter XXXV.—The Judicial Severity of Christ and the Tenderness of the Creator, Asserted in Contradiction to Marcion. The Cure of the Ten Lepers. Old Testament Analogies. The Kingdom of God Within You; This Teaching Similar to that of Moses. Christ, the Stone Rejected by the Builders. Indications of Severity in the Coming of Christ. Proofs that He is Not the Impassible Being Marcion Imagined.

Then, turning to His disciples, He says: "Woe unto him through whom offences come! It were better for him if he had not been born, or if a millstone were hanged about his neck and he were cast into the sea, than that he should offend one of these little ones,"⁴⁸⁶⁰ that is, one of His disciples. Judge, then, what the sort of punishment is which He so severely threatens. For it is no stranger who is to avenge the offence done to His disciples. Recognise also in Him the Judge, and one too, who expresses Himself on the safety of His followers with the same tenderness as that which the Creator long ago exhibited: "He that toucheth you toucheth the apple of my eye."⁴⁸⁶¹ Such identity of care proceeds from one and the same Being. A trespassing brother He will have rebuked.⁴⁸⁶² If one failed in this duty of reproof, he in fact sinned, either because out of hatred he wished his brother to continue in sin, or else spared him from mistaken friendship,⁴⁸⁶³ although possessing the injunction in Leviticus: "Thou shalt not hate thy brother in thine heart; thy neighbor thou shalt seriously rebuke, and on his account shalt not contract sin."⁴⁸⁶⁴ Nor is it to be wondered at, if He thus teaches who forbids your refusing to bring back even your brother's cattle, if you find them astray in the road; much more should you bring back your erring brother to himself. He commands you to forgive your brother, should he trespass against you even "seven times."⁴⁸⁶⁵ But that surely, is a small matter; for with the Creator there is a larger grace, when He sets no limits to forgiveness, indefinitely charging you "not to bear any malice against your brother,"⁴⁸⁶⁶ and to give not merely to him who asks, but even to him who does not ask. For His will is, not that you should forgive⁴⁸⁶⁷ an offence, but forget it. The law about lepers had a profound meaning as respects⁴⁸⁶⁸ the forms of the disease itself, and of the inspection by the high priest.⁴⁸⁶⁹ The interpretation of this sense it will be our task to ascertain. Marcion's labour, however, is to object to us the strictness⁴⁸⁷⁰ of the law, with the view of maintaining that here also Christ is its enemy—forestalling⁴⁸⁷¹ its enactments even in His cure of the ten lepers. These He simply commanded to show themselves to the priest; "and as they went, He cleansed them"⁴⁸⁷²—without a touch, and without a word, by His silent power and simple will. Well, but what necessity was there for Christ, who had been once for all announced as the healer of our sicknesses and sins, and had proved Himself such by His acts,⁴⁸⁷³ to busy Himself with inquiries⁴⁸⁷⁴ into the qualities and details of cures; or for the Creator to be summoned to the scrutiny of the law in the person of Christ? If any part of this healing was effected by Him in a way different from the law, He yet Himself did it to perfection; for surely the Lord may by Himself, or by His Son, produce after one manner, and after another manner by His servants the prophets, those proofs of His power and might especially, which (as excelling in glory and strength, because they are His own acts) rightly enough leave in the distance behind them the works which are done by His servants. But enough has been already said on this point in a former passage.⁴⁸⁷⁵ Now, although He said in a preceding chapter,⁴⁸⁷⁶ that "there were many lepers in Israel in the days of Eliseus the prophet, and none of them was cleansed saving Naaman the Syrian," yet of course the mere number proves nothing towards a difference in the gods, as tending to the abasement⁴⁸⁷⁷ of the Creator in curing only one, and the pre-eminence of Him who healed ten. For who can doubt that many might have been cured by Him who cured one more easily than ten by him who had never healed one before? But His main purpose in this declaration was to strike at the unbelief or the pride of Israel, in that (although there were many lepers amongst them, and a prophet was not wanting to them) not one had been moved even by so conspicuous an example to betake himself to God who was working in His prophets. Forasmuch, then, as He was Himself the veritable⁴⁸⁷⁸ High Priest of God the Father, He inspected them according to the hidden purport of the law, which signified that Christ was the true distinguisher and extinguisher of the defilements of mankind. However, what was obviously required by the law He commanded should be done: "Go," said He, "show yourselves to the priests."⁴⁸⁷⁹ Yet why this, if He meant to cleanse them first? Was it as a despiser of the law, in order to prove to them that, having been cured already on the road, the law was now nothing to them, nor even the priests? Well, the matter must of course pass as it best may,⁴⁸⁸⁰ if anybody supposes that Christ had such views as these!⁴⁸⁸¹ But there are certainly better interpretations to be found of the passage, and more deserving of belief: how that they were cleansed on this account, because⁴⁸⁸² they were obedient, and went as the law required, when they were commanded to go to the priests; and it is not to be believed that persons who observed the law could have found a cure from a god that was destroying the law. Why, however, did He not give such a command to the leper who first returned?⁴⁸⁸³ Because Elisha did not in the case of Naaman the Syrian, and yet was not on that account less the Creator's agent? This is a sufficient answer. But the believer knows that there is a profounder reason. Consider, therefore, the true motives.⁴⁸⁸⁴ The miracle was performed in the district of Samaria, to which country also belonged one of the lepers.⁴⁸⁸⁵ Samaria, however, had revolted from Israel, carrying with it the disaffected nine tribes,⁴⁸⁸⁶ which, having been alienated⁴⁸⁸⁷ by the prophet Ahijah,⁴⁸⁸⁸ Jeroboam settled in Samaria. Besides, the Samaritans were always pleased with the mountains and the wells of their ancestors. Thus, in the Gospel of John, the woman of Samaria, when conversing with the Lord at the well, says, "No doubt⁴⁸⁸⁹ Thou art greater," etc.; and again, "Our fathers worshipped in this mountain; but ye say, that in Jerusalem is the place where men ought to worship."⁴⁸⁹⁰ Accordingly, He who said, "Woe unto them that trust in the mountain of Samaria,"⁴⁸⁹¹ vouchsafing now to restore that very region, purposely requests the men "to go and show themselves to the priests," because these were to be found only there where the temple was; submitting⁴⁸⁹² the Samaritan to the Jew, inasmuch as "salvation was of the Jews,"⁴⁸⁹³ whether to the Israelite or the Samaritan. To the tribe of Judah, indeed, wholly appertained the promised Christ,⁴⁸⁹⁴ in order that men might know that at Jerusalem were both the priests and the temple; that there also was the womb⁴⁸⁹⁵ of religion, and its living fountain, not its mere "well."⁴⁸⁹⁶ Seeing, therefore, that they recognised⁴⁸⁹⁷ the truth that at Jerusalem the law was to be fulfilled, He healed them, whose salvation was to come⁴⁸⁹⁸ of faith⁴⁸⁹⁹ without the ceremony of the law. Whence also, astonished that one only out of the ten was thankful for his release to the divine grace, He does not command him to offer a gift according to the law, because he had already paid his tribute of gratitude when "he glorified God";⁴⁹⁰⁰ for thus did the Lord will that the law's requirement should be interpreted. And yet who was the God to whom the Samaritan gave thanks, because thus far not even had an Israelite heard of another god? Who else but He by whom all had hitherto been healed through Christ? And therefore it was said to him, "Thy faith hath made thee whole,"⁴⁹⁰¹ because he had discovered that it was his duty to render the true oblation to Almighty God—even thanksgiving—in His true temple, and before His true High Priest Jesus Christ. But it is impossible either that the Pharisees should seem to have inquired of the Lord about the coming of the kingdom of the rival god, when no other god has ever yet been announced by Christ; or that He should have answered them concerning the kingdom of any other god than Him of whom they were in the habit of asking Him. "The kingdom of God," He says, "cometh not with observation; neither do they say, Lo here! or, lo there! for, behold, the kingdom of God is within you."⁴⁹⁰² Now, who will not interpret the words "within you" to mean in your hand, within your power, if you hear, and do the commandment of God? If, however, the kingdom of God lies in His commandment, set before your mind Moses on the other side, according to our antitheses, and you will find the self-same view of the case.⁴⁹⁰³ "The commandment is not a lofty one,⁴⁹⁰⁴ neither is it far off from thee. It is not in heaven, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go up for us to heaven, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?' nor is it beyond the sea, that thou shouldest say, Who shall go over the sea for us, and bring it unto us, that we may hear it, and do it?' But the word is very nigh unto thee, in thy mouth, and in thy heart, and in thy hands, to do it."⁴⁹⁰⁵ This means, "Neither in this place nor that place is the kingdom of God; for, behold, it is within you."⁴⁹⁰⁶ And if the heretics, in their audacity, should contend that the Lord did not give an answer about His own kingdom, but only about the Creator's kingdom, concerning which they had inquired, then the following words are against them. For He tells them that "the Son of man must suffer many things, and be rejected," before His coming,⁴⁹⁰⁷ at which His kingdom will be really⁴⁹⁰⁸ revealed. In this statement He shows that it was His own kingdom which His answer to them had contemplated, and which was now awaiting His own sufferings and rejection. But having to be rejected and afterwards to be acknowledged, and taken up⁴⁹⁰⁹ and glorified, He borrowed the very word "rejected" from the passage, where, under the figure of a stone, His twofold manifestation was celebrated by David—the first in rejection, the second in honour: "The stone," says He, "which the builders rejected, is become the head-stone of the corner. This is the Lord's doing."⁴⁹¹⁰ Now it would be idle, if we believed that God had predicted the humiliation, or even the glory, of any Christ at all, that He could have signed His prophecy for any but Him whom He had foretold under the figure of a stone, and a rock, and a mountain.⁴⁹¹¹ If, however, He speaks of His own coming, why does He compare it with the days of Noe and of Lot,⁴⁹¹² which were dark and terrible—a mild and gentle God as He is? Why does He bid us "remember Lot's wife,"⁴⁹¹³ who despised the Creator's command, and was punished for her contempt, if He does not come with judgment to avenge the infraction of His precepts? If He really does punish, like the Creator,⁴⁹¹⁴ if He is my Judge, He ought not to have adduced examples for the purpose of instructing me from Him whom He yet destroys, that He⁴⁹¹⁵ might not seem to be my instructor. But if He does not even here speak of His own coming, but of the coming of the Hebrew Christ,⁴⁹¹⁶ let us still wait in expectation that He will vouchsafe to us some prophecy of His own advent; meanwhile we will continue to believe that He is none other than He whom He reminds us of in every passage.

Chapter XXXVI.—The Parables of the Importunate Widow, and of the Pharisee and the Publican. Christ's Answer to the Rich Ruler, the Cure of the Blind Man. His Salutation—Son of David. All Proofs of Christ's Relation to the Creator, Marcion's Antithesis Between David and Christ Confuted.

When He recommends perseverance and earnestness in prayer, He sets before us the parable of the judge who was compelled to listen to the widow, owing to the earnestness and importunity of her requests.⁴⁹¹⁷ He show us that it is God the judge whom we must importune with prayer, and not Himself, if He is not Himself the judge. But He added, that "God would avenge His own elect."⁴⁹¹⁸ Since, then, He who judges will also Himself be the avenger, He proved that the Creator is on that account the specially good God,⁴⁹¹⁹ whom He represented as the avenger of His own elect, who cry day and night to Him. And yet, when He introduces to our view the Creator's temple, and describes two men worshipping therein with diverse feelings—the Pharisee in pride, the publican in humility—and shows us how they accordingly went down to their homes, one rejected,⁴⁹²⁰ the other justified,⁴⁹²¹ He surely, by thus teaching us the proper discipline of prayer, has determined that that God must be prayed to from whom men were to receive this discipline of prayer—whether condemnatory of pride, or justifying in humility.⁴⁹²² I do not find from Christ any temple, any suppliants, any sentence (of approval or condemnation) belonging to any other god than the Creator. Him does He enjoin us to worship in humility, as the lifter-up of the humble, not in pride, because He brings down⁴⁹²³ the proud. What other god has He manifested to me to receive my supplications? With what formula of worship, with what hope (shall I approach him?) I trow, none. For the prayer which He has taught us suits, as we have proved,⁴⁹²⁴ none but the Creator. It is, of course, another matter if He does not wish to be prayed to, because He is the supremely and spontaneously good God! But who is this good God? There is, He says, "none but one."⁴⁹²⁵ It is not as if He had shown us that one of two gods was the supremely good; but He expressly asserts that there is one only good God, who is the only good, because He is the only God. Now, undoubtedly,⁴⁹²⁶ He is the good God who "sendeth rain on the just and on the unjust, and maketh His sun to rise on the evil and on the good;"⁴⁹²⁷ sustaining and nourishing and assisting even Marcionites themselves! When afterwards "a certain man asked him, Good Master, what shall I do to inherit eternal life?'" (Jesus) inquired whether he knew (that is, in other words, whether he kept) the commandments of the Creator, in order to testify⁴⁹²⁸ that it was by the Creator's precepts that eternal life is acquired.⁴⁹²⁹ Then, when he affirmed that from his youth up he had kept all the principal commandments, (Jesus) said to him: "One thing thou yet lackest: sell all that thou hast, and give to the poor, and thou shalt have treasure in heaven; and come, follow me."⁴⁹³⁰ Well now, Marcion, and all ye who are companions in misery, and associates in hatred⁴⁹³¹ with that heretic, what will you dare say to this? Did Christ rescind the forementioned commandments: "Do not kill, Do not commit adultery, Do not steal, Do not bear false witness, Honour thy father and thy mother?" Or did He both keep them, and then add⁴⁹³² what was wanting to them? This very precept, however, about giving to the poor, was very largely⁴⁹³³ diffused through the pages of the law and the prophets. This vainglorious observer of the commandments was therefore convicted⁴⁹³⁴ of holding money in much higher estimation (than charity). This verity of the gospel then stands unimpaired: "I am not come to destroy the law and the prophets, but rather to fulfil them."⁴⁹³⁵ He also dissipated other doubts, when He declared that the name of God and of the Good belonged to one and the same being, at whose disposal were also the everlasting life and the treasure in heaven and Himself too—whose commandments He both maintained and augmented with His own supplementary precepts. He may likewise be discovered in the following passage of Micah, saying: "He hath showed thee, O man, what is good; and what doth the Lord require of thee, but to do justly, and to love mercy, and to be ready to follow the Lord thy God?"⁴⁹³⁶ Now Christ is the man who tells us what is good, even the knowledge of the law. "Thou knowest," says He, "the commandments." "To do justly"—"Sell all that thou hast;" "to love mercy"—"Give to the poor:" "and to be ready to walk with God"—"And come," says He, "follow me."⁴⁹³⁷ The Jewish nation was from its beginning so carefully divided into tribes and clans, and families and houses, that no man could very well have been ignorant of his descent—even from the recent assessments of Augustus, which were still probably extant at this time.⁴⁹³⁸ But the Jesus of Marcion (although there could be no doubt of a person's having been born, who was seen to be a man), as being unborn, could not, of course, have possessed any public testimonial⁴⁹³⁹ of his descent, but was to be regarded as one of that obscure class of whom nothing was in any way known. Why then did the blind man, on hearing that He was passing by, exclaim, "Jesus, Thou Son of David, have mercy on me?"⁴⁹⁴⁰ unless he was considered, in no uncertain manner,⁴⁹⁴¹ to be the Son of David (in other words, to belong to David's family) through his mother and his brethren, who at some time or other had been made known to him by public notoriety? "Those, however, who went before rebuked the blind man, that he should hold his peace."⁴⁹⁴² And properly enough; because he was very noisy, not because he was wrong about the son of David. Else you must show me, that those who rebuked him were aware that Jesus was not the Son of David, in order that they may be supposed to have had this reason for imposing silence on the blind man. But even if you could show me this, still (the blind man) would more readily have presumed that they were ignorant, than that the Lord could possibly have permitted an untrue exclamation about Himself. But the Lord "stood patient."⁴⁹⁴³ Yes; but not as confirming the error, for, on the contrary, He rather displayed the Creator. Surely He could not have first removed this man's blindness, in order that he might afterwards cease to regard Him as the Son of David! However,⁴⁹⁴⁴ that you may not slander⁴⁹⁴⁵ His patience, nor fasten on Him any charge of dissimulation, nor deny Him to be the Son of David, He very pointedly confirmed the exclamation of the blind man—both by the actual gift of healing, and by bearing testimony to his faith: "Thy faith," say Christ, "hath made thee whole."⁴⁹⁴⁶ What would you have the blind man's faith to have been? That Jesus was descended from that (alien) god (of Marcion), to subvert the Creator and overthrow the law and the prophets? That He was not the destined offshoot from the root of Jesse, and the fruit of David's loins, the restorer⁴⁹⁴⁷ also of the blind? But I apprehend there were at that time no such stone-blind persons as Marcion, that an opinion like this could have constituted the faith of the blind man, and have induced him to confide in the mere name,⁴⁹⁴⁸ of Jesus, the Son of David. He, who knew all this of Himself,⁴⁹⁴⁹ and wished others to know it also, endowed the faith of this man—although it was already gifted with a better sight, and although it was in possession of the true light—with the external vision likewise, in order that we too might learn the rule of faith, and at the same time find its recompense. Whosoever wishes to see Jesus the Son of David must believe in Him; through the Virgin's birth.⁴⁹⁵⁰ He who will not believe this will not hear from Him the salutation, "Thy faith hath saved thee." And so he will remain blind, falling into Antithesis after Antithesis, which mutually destroy each other,⁴⁹⁵¹ just as "the blind man leads the blind down into the ditch."⁴⁹⁵² For (here is one of Marcion's Antitheses): whereas David in old time, in the capture of Sion, was offended by the blind who opposed his admission (into the stronghold)⁴⁹⁵³—in which respect (I should rather say) that they were a type of people equally blind,⁴⁹⁵⁴ who in after-times would not admit Christ to be the son of David—so, on the contrary, Christ succoured the blind man, to show by this act that He was not David's son, and how different in disposition He was, kind to the blind, while David ordered them to be slain.⁴⁹⁵⁵ If all this were so, why did Marcion allege that the blind man's faith was of so worthless⁴⁹⁵⁶ a stamp? The fact is,⁴⁹⁵⁷ the Son of David so acted,⁴⁹⁵⁸ that the Antithesis must lose its point by its own absurdity.⁴⁹⁵⁹ Those persons who offended David were blind, and the man who now presents himself as a suppliant to David's son is afflicted with the same infirmity.⁴⁹⁶⁰ Therefore the Son of David was appeased with some sort of satisfaction by the blind man when He restored him to sight, and added His approval of the faith which had led him to believe the very truth, that he must win to his help⁴⁹⁶¹ the Son of David by earnest entreaty. But, after all, I suspect that it was the audacity (of the old Jebusites) which offended David, and not their malady.

Chapter XXXVII.—Christ and Zacchæus. The Salvation of the Body as Denied by Marcion. The Parable of the Ten Servants Entrusted with Ten Pounds. Christ a Judge, Who is to Administer the Will of the Austere Man, I.e. The Creator.

"Salvation comes to the house" of Zacchæus even.⁴⁹⁶² For what reason? Was it because he also believed that Christ came by Marcion? But the blind man's cry was still sounding in the ears of all: "Jesus, Thou Son of David, have mercy on me." And "all the people gave praise unto God"—not Marcion's, but David's. Now, although Zacchæus was probably a Gentile,⁴⁹⁶³ he yet from his intercourse with Jews had obtained a smattering⁴⁹⁶⁴ of their Scriptures, and, more than this, had, without knowing it, fulfilled the precepts of Isaiah: "Deal thy bread," said the prophet, "to the hungry, and bring the poor that are cast out into thine house."⁴⁹⁶⁵ This he did in the best possible way, by receiving the Lord, and entertaining Him in his house. "When thou seest the naked cover him."⁴⁹⁶⁶ This he promised to do, in an equally satisfactory way, when he offered the half of his goods for all works of mercy.⁴⁹⁶⁷ So also "he loosened the bands of wickedness, undid the heavy burdens, let the oppressed go free, and broke every yoke,"⁴⁹⁶⁸ when he said, "If I have taken anything from any man by false accusation, I restore him fourfold."⁴⁹⁶⁹ Therefore the Lord said, "This day is salvation come to this house."⁴⁹⁷⁰ Thus did He give His testimony, that the precepts of the Creator spoken by the prophet tended to salvation.⁴⁹⁷¹ But when He adds, "For the Son of man is come to seek and to save that which was lost,"⁴⁹⁷² my present contention is not whether He was come to save what was lost, to whom it had once belonged, and from whom what He came to save had fallen away; but I approach a different question. Man, there can be no doubt of it, is here the subject of consideration. Now, since he consists of two parts,⁴⁹⁷³ body and soul, the point to be inquired into is, in which of these two man would seem to have been lost? If in his body, then it is his body, not his soul, which is lost. What, however, is lost, the Son of man saves. The body,⁴⁹⁷⁴ therefore, has the salvation. If, (on the other hand,) it is in his soul that man is lost, salvation is designed for the lost soul; and the body which is not lost is safe. If, (to take the only other supposition,) man is wholly lost, in both his natures, then it necessarily follows that salvation is appointed for the entire man; and then the opinion of the heretics is shivered to pieces,⁴⁹⁷⁵ who say that there is no salvation of the flesh. And this affords a confirmation that Christ belongs to the Creator, who followed the Creator in promising the salvation of the whole man. The parable also of the (ten) servants, who received their several recompenses according to the manner in which they had increased their lord's money by trading⁴⁹⁷⁶ proves Him to be a God of judgment—even a God who, in strict account,⁴⁹⁷⁷ not only bestows honour, but also takes away what a man seems to have.⁴⁹⁷⁸ Else, if it is the Creator whom He has here delineated as the "austere man," who "takes up what he laid not down, and reaps what he did not sow,"⁴⁹⁷⁹ my instructor even here is He, (whoever He may be,) to whom belongs the money He teaches me fruitfully to expend.⁴⁹⁸⁰

Chapter XXXVIII.—Christ's Refutations of the Pharisees. Rendering Dues to Cæsar and to God. Next of the Sadducees, Respecting Marriage in the Resurrection. These Prove Him Not to Be Marcion's But the Creator's Christ. Marcion's Tamperings in Order to Make Room for His Second God, Exposed and Confuted.

Christ knew "the baptism of John, whence it was."⁴⁹⁸¹ Then why did He ask them, as if He knew not? He knew that the Pharisees would not give Him an answer; then why did He ask in vain? Was it that He might judge them out of their own mouth, or their own heart? Suppose you refer these points to an excuse of the Creator, or to His comparison with Christ; then consider what would have happened if the Pharisees had replied to His question. Suppose their answer to have been, that John's baptism was "of men," they would have been immediately stoned to death.⁴⁹⁸² Some Marcion, in rivalry to Marcion, would have stood up⁴⁹⁸³ and said: O most excellent God; how different are his ways from the Creator's! Knowing that men would rush down headlong over it, He placed them actually⁴⁹⁸⁴ on the very precipice. For thus do men treat of the Creator respecting His law of the tree.⁴⁹⁸⁵ But John's baptism was "from heaven." "Why, therefore," asks Christ, "did ye not believe him?"⁴⁹⁸⁶ He therefore who had wished men to believe John, purposing to censure⁴⁹⁸⁷ them because they had not believed him, belonged to Him whose sacrament John was administering. But, at any rate,⁴⁹⁸⁸ when He actually met their refusal to say what they thought, with such reprisals as, "Neither tell I you by what authority I do these things,"⁴⁹⁸⁹ He returned evil for evil! "Render unto Cæsar the things which be Cæsar's, and unto God the things which be God's."⁴⁹⁹⁰ What will be "the things which are God's?" Such things as are like Cæsar's denarius—that is to say, His image and similitude. That, therefore, which he commands to be "rendered unto God," the Creator, is man, who has been stamped with His image, likeness, name, and substance.⁴⁹⁹¹ Let Marcion's god look after his own mint.⁴⁹⁹² Christ bids the denarius of man's imprint to be rendered to His Cæsar, (His Cæsar I say,) not the Cæsar of a strange god.⁴⁹⁹³ The truth, however, must be confessed, this god has not a denarius to call his own! In every question the just and proper rule is, that the meaning of the answer ought to be adapted to the proposed inquiry. But it is nothing short of madness to return an answer altogether different from the question submitted to you. God forbid, then, that we should expect from Christ⁴⁹⁹⁴ conduct which would be unfit even to an ordinary man! The Sadducees, who said there was no resurrection, in a discussion on that subject, had proposed to the Lord a case of law touching a certain woman, who, in accordance with the legal prescription, had been married to seven brothers who had died one after the other. The question therefore was, to which husband must she be reckoned to belong in the resurrection?⁴⁹⁹⁵ This, (observe,) was the gist of the inquiry, this was the sum and substance of the dispute. And to it Christ was obliged to return a direct answer. He had nobody to fear; that it should seem advisable⁴⁹⁹⁶ for Him either to evade their questions, or to make them the occasion of indirectly mooting⁴⁹⁹⁷ a subject which He was not in the habit of teaching publicly at any other time. He therefore gave His answer, that "the children of this world marry."⁴⁹⁹⁸ You see how pertinent it was to the case in point. Because the question concerned the next world, and He was going to declare that no one marries there, He opens the way by laying down the principles that here, where there is death, there is also marriage. "But they whom God shall account worthy of the possession of that world and the resurrection from the dead, neither marry nor are given in marriage; forasmuch as they cannot die any more, since they become equal to the angels, being made the children of God and of the resurrection."⁴⁹⁹⁹ If, then, the meaning of the answer must not turn on any other point than on the proposed question, and since the question proposed is fully understood from this sense of the answer,⁵⁰⁰⁰ then the Lord's reply admits of no other interpretation than that by which the question is clearly understood.⁵⁰⁰¹ You have both the time in which marriage is permitted, and the time in which it is said to be unsuitable, laid before you, not on their own account, but in consequence of an inquiry about the resurrection. You have likewise a confirmation of the resurrection itself, and the whole question which the Sadducees mooted, who asked no question about another god, nor inquired about the proper law of marriage. Now, if you make Christ answer questions which were not submitted to Him, you, in fact, represent Him as having been unable to solve the points on which He was really consulted, and entrapped of course by the cunning of the Sadducees. I shall now proceed, by way of supererogation,⁵⁰⁰² and after the rule (I have laid down about questions and answers),⁵⁰⁰³ to deal with the arguments which have any consistency in them.⁵⁰⁰⁴ They procured then a copy of the Scripture, and made short work with its text, by reading it thus:⁵⁰⁰⁵ "Those whom the god of that world shall account worthy." They add the phrase "of that world" to the word "god," whereby they make another god "the god of that world;" whereas the passage ought to be read thus: "Those whom God shall account worthy of the possession of that world" (removing the distinguishing phrase "of this world" to the end of the clause,⁵⁰⁰⁶ in other words, "Those whom God shall account worthy of obtaining and rising to that world." For the question submitted to Christ had nothing to do with the god, but only with the state, of that world. It was: "Whose wife should this woman be in that world after the resurrection?"⁵⁰⁰⁷ They thus subvert His answer respecting the essential question of marriage, and apply His words, "The children of this world marry and are given in marriage," as if they referred to the Creator's men, and His permission to them to marry; whilst they themselves whom the god of that world—that is, the rival god—accounted worthy of the resurrection, do not marry even here, because they are not children of this world. But the fact is, that, having been consulted about marriage in that world, not in this present one, He had simply declared the non-existence of that to which the question related. They, indeed, who had caught the very force of His voice, and pronunciation, and expression, discovered no other sense than what had reference to the matter of the question. Accordingly, the Scribes exclaimed, "Master, Thou hast well said."⁵⁰⁰⁸ For He had affirmed the resurrection, by describing the form⁵⁰⁰⁹ thereof in opposition to the opinion of the Sadducees. Now, He did not reject the attestation of those who had assumed His answer to bear this meaning. If, however, the Scribes thought Christ was David's Son, whereas (David) himself calls Him Lord,⁵⁰¹⁰ what relation has this to Christ? David did not literally confute⁵⁰¹¹ an error of the Scribes, yet David asserted the honour of Christ, when he more prominently affirmed that He was his Lord than his Son,—an attribute which was hardly suitable to the destroyer of the Creator. But how consistent is the interpretation on our side of the question! For He, who had been a little while ago invoked by the blind man as "the Son of David,"⁵⁰¹² then made no remark on the subject, not having the Scribes in His presence; whereas He now purposely moots the point before them, and that of His own accord,⁵⁰¹³ in order that He might show Himself whom the blind man, following the doctrine of the Scribes, had simply declared to be the Son of David, to be also his Lord. He thus honoured the blind man's faith which had acknowledged His Sonship to David; but at the same time He struck a blow at the tradition of the Scribes, which prevented them from knowing that He was also (David's) Lord. Whatever had relation to the glory of the Creator's Christ, no other would thus guard and maintain⁵⁰¹⁴ but Himself the Creator's Christ.