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Book XXI · Book III

The City of God (part 3 of 3)

Page 810 of 811

Proserpine,1377133,1378135.

Protasius and Gervasius, martyrs, a blind man healed by the bodies of, at Milan,1379485; a young man freed from a devil by,1380487.

Providence of God, the,138193,1382447; not disturbed by the wickedness of angels or men,1383282.

Prudence,1384402.

Psalms, the, David's concern in writing,1385352.

Ptolemy, Philadelphus, causes the Hebrew Scriptures to be translated into Greek,1386385.1387386.

Puberty, was it later among the antediluvians than it is now?1388296, etc.

Pulvillus, Mafcus,1389100:

Punic wars; the; the disasters suffered by the Romans in,139055; the second of these, its deplorable effects,139156, etc.

Punishment, eternal,1392452; whether it is possible for bodies to last forever in burning fire,1393452; whether bodily sufferings necessarily terminate in the destruction of the flesh,1394452,1395453; examples from nature to show that bodies may remain unconsumed and alive in fire,1396454; the nature of,1397460, etc.; is it just that it should last longer than the sins themselves lasted?1398462, etc.; the greatness of the first transgression on account of which it is due to all not within the pale of the Saviour's grace,1399463, etc.; of the wicked after death, not purgatorial,1400463,1401464; proportioned to the deserts of the wicked,1402465; of certain persons, who deny,1403466; of those who think that the intercession of saints will deliver from,1404466, and note; of those who think that participation of the body of Christ will save from,1405467; of those who think that Catholic baptism will deliver from,1406467; of the opinion that building on the "Foundation" will save from,1407468; of the opinion , that alms-giving will deliver from,1408468; of those who think that the devil will not suffer,1409468; replies to all those who deny,1410469,1411472, etc.,1412473.

Punishments, the temporary, of this life.;1413464; the object of,1414465.

Purgatorial punishments,1415445,1416446,1417470.

Purification of heart, the, whence obtained by the saints,1418194; the principles which, according to the Platonists, regulate,1419194; the one true principle which alone can effect,1420195.

Purifying punishment, the, spoken of by Malachi,1421445.

Pyrites, the Persian stone so called,1422456.

Pyrrhus, invades Italy,—response of the oracle of Apollo to,142354; cannot tempt Fabricius,1424100.

Pythagoras, the founder of the Italic school of philosophy,1425145.

Queen, the, the Church,1426354.

Quiet, the temple of,142772.

Radagaisus, king of the Goths, the war with,1428104.

Rain, portentous,142962.

Rape of the Sabine women, the,143048;143149.

Rebecca, wife of Isaac,1432330; the divine answer respecting the twins in the womb of,1433330.

Recentness of man's creation, an answer to those who complain of,1434233.

Regeneration, the laver, or font of,1435487.

Regulus. as an example, of heroism, and voluntary endurance for religion's sake,143610, etc:; the virtue of, far excelled that of Cato,143716.

Reign of the saints with Christ for a thousand .years,1438382, etc.

Religion,1439181; no true, without true virtues,1440418.

Religions, false, kept up on policy,1441341.

Republic, Cicero's definition of a,—was there ever a Roman, answering to?1442414,1443415; according to what definition could the Romans or others assume the title of a?1444418.

Resting on the seventh day, God's, the meaning of,1445209.

Restitutus, presbyter of the Calamensian Church, a curious account of,1446280,1447281.

Resurrection, the, of the flesh of believers, to a perfection not enjoyed by our first parent's,1448255,1449256;1450257; the first and the second,1451425,1452426,1453427; Paul's testimony on,1454439; utterances of Isaiah respecting,1455440, etc.; some refuse to believe, while the world at large believes,1456481; vindicated against ridicule thrown on it,1457493; etc.; whether abortions shall have part in,1458494; whether infants shall have that body in, which they would have had if they had grown up,1459494; whether in the, the dead shall rise the same size as the Lord's body,1460495; the saints shall be conformed to the image of Christ in the,1461495; whether women shall retain their sex in,1462496; all bodily blemishes shall be removed in,1463497; the substance of our bodies, however disintegrated, shall be entirely reunited,1464498; the new spiritual body of,1465499; the obstinacy of those who impugn, while the world believes,1466504, etc.

Resurrection of Christ; the, referred to in the Psalms;1467255,1468256.

Reward, the, of the saints, after the trials of this life,1469406.

Rhea, or Ilia, mother of Romulus and Remus,1470371.

Rich man, the, in hell,1471462.

Righteous, the glory of the, is in God,147297.

Righteous man, the, the sufferings of, described in the Book of Wisdom,1473357, etc.

Rites, sacred, of the gods,1474116.

Rituals of false gods, instituted by kings of Greece, from the exodus of Israel downward,1475366,1476367.

Roman empire, the, which of the gods presided over?147768; whether the great extent and duration of, should be attributed to Jove,147878; whether the worship of the gods has been of service in extending,147979; the cause of, not fortuitous, nor attributable to the position of the stars,148084, etc.; by what virtues the enlargement of, was merited,148193, etc.

Roman kings, what manner of life and death they had,148251, etc.

Roman republic, was there ever one answering to Cicero's definition?1483156,1484157,1485159,1486160.

Romans, the, the folly of, in trusting gods which could not defend Troy, 3, etc.; by what steps the passion of governing increased among,148720; the vices of, not corrected by the overthrow of their city,148821; the calamities suffered by, before Christ,148924, etc.,149031, etc.; poetical license restrained by,149127, etc.; excluded players from offices of state and restrained the license of players,149228,149329; the gods never took any steps to prevent the republic of, from being ruined by immorality,149436, etc.; the obscenities of their plays consecrated to the service of their gods, contributed to overthrow their republic,149541, etc.; exhorted to forsake paganism,149641; was it desirable that the empire of, should be increased by a succession of furious wars?149747; by what right they obtained their first wives,149848; the wickedness of the wars waged by, against the Albans,149949,150050; the first consuls of,150152, etc.; the disasters which befell in the Punic wars,150255,150356, etc.; the ingratitude of to Scipio, the conqueror of Hannibal,150457; the internal disasters which vexed the republic,150558, etc.; multiplied gods for small and ignoble purposes,150668; to what profits they carried on war, and how far to the well-being of the conquered,150798; dominion granted to, by the providence of God,1508102.

Rome, the sack of, by the Barbarians, 1; the evils inflicted on the Christians in the sack of,—why permitted,150918; the iniquities practised in the palmiest days of,151032, etc.; the corruption which has grown up in, before Christianity,151133, etc.; Cicero's opinion of the republic of,151235; frost and snow incredibly severe at,151355; calamities which befell, in the Punic wars,151455, etc.,151556, etc.; Asiatic luxury introduced to,151657; when founded,1517372; the founder of, made a god,1518482.

Romulus, the alleged parentage of,151944,152045; no penalty exacted for his fratricidal act,152145, etc.; the death of,152251; suckled by a wolf,1523372; made a god by Rome,1524482.

Rule, equitable,1525411.

Rulers serve the society which they rule,1526410,1527411.

Sabbath, the perpetual,1528511.

Sabine women, the rape of the,152931,153048,153149.

Sack of Rome, the, by the Barbarians, 1, etc.; of Troy, 3, etc.

Sacrifice, that due to the true God only,1532182; the true and perfect,1533183; the reasonableness of offering a visible, to God,1534192; the supreme and true, of the Mediator,1535193; of Abraham, when he believed,—its meaning1536324.

Sacrifices, those not required by God, but enjoined for the exhibition of the truth,1537183.

Sacrifices of righteousness,1538446.

Sacristan of Hercules, a, the story of,1539115.

Sages, the seven,1540374.

Saguntum, the destruction of,154156,154257.

Saints, the, lose nothing in losing their temporal goods, 7, etc.; their consolations in captivity,154310; cases in which the examples of, are not to be followed,154417; why the enemy was permitted to indulge his lust on the bodies of,154518; the reply of, to unbelievers, who taunted them with Christ's not having rescued them from the fury of their enemies,154619, etc.; the reward of, after the trials of this life,1547406; the happiness of the eternal peace which constitutes the perfection of,1548407; in this life, blessed in hope,1549414.

Salacia,1550134.

Salamander, the,1551454.

Sallust, quoted, 4,155231,155332,155444,155547,155650,155753,155894,155995,1560124,1561362.

Salt, the, of Agrigentum, the peculiar qualities of,1562455.

Samnites, the, defeated by the Romans,156353.

Samothracians, the mysteries of the,1564139.

Samuel, the address of, to Saul on his disobedience,1565346, etc.; sets up a stone of memorial,1566347.

Saul, spared by David,1567345,1568346; forfeits the kingdom,1569346,1570347.

Sanctity, the, of the body, not violated by the violence of another's lust,157112,157213.

Sancus, or Sangus, a Sabine god,1573371.

Sarah, and Hagar, and their sons,—the typical significance of,1574285.

Sarah's barrenness,1575286; preservation of the chastity of, in Egypt, and in Gerar,1576276,1577328; change of the name of,1578327; the death of,1579330.

Satan, transforms himself into an angel of light,1580406. See Devil.

Saturn,158169,1582123,1583125; and Genius, thought to be really Jupiter,1584129,1585130, etc.; interpretations of the reasons for worshipping,1586133; and Picus,1587368.

Saved by fire,1588473.

Scævola, the pontiff, slain in the Marian wars,158960,159061; distinguishes three kinds of gods,159178,159279.

Scenic representations, the establishment of, opposed by Scipio Nasica,159320; the obscenities of, contributed to the overthrow of the republic,159439, etc.

Schools of philosophers,1595145, etc.

Scipio Nasica, Rome's "best man," opposes the destruction of Carthage,159619,159720; opposes scenic representations,159868.

Scripture, the obscurity of,—its advantages,1599215.

Scriptures, the canonical, the authority of,1600206; of the Old Testament, translated into Greek,1601385,1602386.

Sea, the, gives up the dead which are in it,1603434; no more,1604436.

Sects of philosophy, the number of, according to Varro,1605397-1606399.

Selenite, the stone so called,1607456.

Semiramis,1608362.

Seneca, Annæus, recognizes the guiding will of the Supreme,160989; censures the popular worship of the gods, and the popular theology,1610119,1611120; what he thought of the Jews,1612120,1613121.

Septuagint,—is it or the Hebrew text to be followed in computing years?1614293, etc.; origin of the,1615385,1616386; authority of in relation to the Hebrew original,1617386,1618387; difference between, and the Hebrew text as to the days fixed by Jonah for the destruction of Nineveh,1619387,1620388.

Servitude introduced by sin,1621411.

Servius Tullius, the foul murder of,162252.

Seth and Cain, heads of two lines of descendants,1623298; relation of the former to Christ,1624299.

Seven, the number,1625223,1626341.

Seventh day, the,1627223.

Severus, bishop of Milevis,1628455.

Sex, shall it be restored in the resurrection?1629239.

Sexual intercourse,1630276; in the antediluvian age,1631296, etc.

Shem,1632309; the sons of,1633311; the genealogy of,1634316, etc.

Sibyl, the Cumæan,1635197; the Erythræan,1636198, and note,1637373.

Sybilline books, the,163855, and note,1639372.

Sicyon, the kingdom and kings of,1640362,1641363,1642371.

Silvanus, the god,1643117.

Silvii,1644371.

Simplicianus, bishop of Milan, his reminiscence of the saying of a certain Platonist,1645200.

Sin, should not be sought to be obviated by sin,164617; should not be sought to be shunned by a voluntary death,164718; had not its origin in God, but in the will of the creature,1648214; not caused by the flesh, but by the soul,1649263; servitude introduced by,1650411.

Sins, how cleansed,1651194.

Six, the perfection of the number,1652222.

Slave, when the word, first occurs in Scripture; its meaning,1653411.

Social life, disturbed by many distresses,1654403, etc.

Socrates, a sketch of,—his philosophy,1655145,1656146; the god or demon of, the book of Apuleius concerning,1657153,1658154.

Sodom, the region of,1659460.

Solomon, books written by, and the prophecies they contain,1660357. etc.; the kings after, both of Israel and Judah,1661358.

Son of God, but one by nature,1662464.

Sons of God, the, and daughters of men,1663302, etc.; not angels,1664303, etc.

Soranus, Valerius,1665130.

Soul, the immortal,1666121; the way of its deliverance,1667202; created in the image of God,1668241; Porphyry's notion that its blessedness requires separation from the body, demolished by Plato,1669249; the separation of, and the body, considered by some not to be penal,1670252.

Soul of the world, God not the,167171; Varro's opinion of, examined,1672126.

Souls, rational, the opinion that there are three kinds of,1673153,1674154; the, of men, according to the Platonists, become demons,1675171; views of the transmigration of,1676200,1677201; not co-eternal with God,1678201; do not return from blessedness to labor and misery, after certain periodic revolutions,1679239.

Sophrosuue,1680402.

Speusippus,1681152.

Spirit,1682259,1683260.

Spiritual body, the, of the saints, in the resurrection,1684499.

Stars, the supposed influence of, on kingdoms, births, etc.,168584,168685,168786; some, called by the names of gods,1688130, etc.

Stephen, St., miracles wrought by the relics of, and at the shrine of,1689488,1690489,1691490.

Stoics, opinions of, about mental emotions,1692167, etc.; the three perturbations admitted by, in the soul of the wise man,1693267, etc.; the belief of, as to the gods,1694384; suicide permitted by,1695402,1696403.

Strong man, the,1697426.

Substance, the, of the people of God,1698350.

Suicide, committed through fear of dishonor or of punishment,169912; Christians have no authority for committing, under any circumstances,170014; can never be prompted to, by magnanimity,170115; the example of Cato in relation to,170216; should it be resorted to, to avoid sin?170318; permitted by the Stoics,1704402,1705403.

Sun, the, stayed in its course by Joshua,1706459.

Superstition,170780.

Sylla, the deeds of,170838,170939; and Marius, the war between,171060.

Sylva,171145.

Symmachus,171224, and note.

Tarquinius, Priscus, or Superbus, his barbarous murder of his father-in-law,171351; the expulsion of, from Rome,171452.

Tatius, Titus, introduces new gods,171576.

Tellus,171669; the surnames of, and their significance,1717136.

Temperance,1718402.

Ten kings, the,1719443.

Terah, the emigration of, from Ur of the Chaldees,1720318; the years of,1721319.

Terence, quoted,172227.

Terentius, a certain, finds the books of Numa Pompilius,1723141.

Terminus,172477,172580; and Janus,1726126.

Thales, the founder of the Ionic school of philosophy,1727145.

Theatrical exhibitions, publish the shame of the gods,172827; the obscenities of, contributed to overthrow the republic,172941.

Theodorus, the Cyrenian philosopher, his reply to Lysimachus, 9, note.

Theodosius, the faith and piety of,1730105, etc.

Theological poets,1731368.

Theology, Varro's threefold division of,1732112-1733115.

Theosebeia,1734181.

Theurgy,1735185, etc.,1736186, etc.

Thousand years, the, of the Book of Revelation,1737426; the reign of the saints with Christ during,1738429, etc.

Threats employed against the gods to compel their aid,1739188.

Threskeia,1740181.

Tilon, the island of,1741456.

Time,1742208.

Time, times, and a half time,1743443.

Times and seasons, the hidden,1744394.

Titus, Latinius,1745153.

Torquatus, slays his victorious son,174699.

Transformations, strange, of men,1747369; what we should believe respecting,1748370.

Transgression, the first, the greatness of,1749422.

Transmigration of souls, the Platonic views of, emended by Porphyry,1750200,1751201.

"Tree of life, the, the days of,"1752447.

Trinity, the,1753195; further explained,1754210,1755211; further statements of,—indications of, scattered everywhere among the works of God,1756218; indications of, in philosophy,1757219,1758220; the image of, in human nature,1759220.

Troy, the gods unable to afford an asylum during the sack of, 3; were the gods justified in permitting the destruction of?176044, etc.

Truth, the sad results where it is hidden,1761404, etc.

Tullus Hostilius,176251,176352.

Twelve thrones,1764424.

Twenty Martyrs, the, how a tailor got a new coat by praying at the shrine of,1765488.

Twins, on the difference of the health, etc., of,176685; of different sexes,176788.

Unbaptized, the, saved through the confession of Christ,1768248.

Unbelief of the Jews, the, foretold,1769356.

Unity, the, of the human race,1770241, etc.

Universe, the beauty of the,1771214.

Valens, a persecutor,1772393.

Valentinian, protected by Theodosius,1773105, a confessor,1774393.

Valerius, Marcus,1775100.

Varro, his opinion of the utility of men feigning themselves to be the offspring of gods,177644; boasts of having conferred the knowledge of the worship of the gods on the Romans,177775; what he thought of the gods of the nations,1778110; his book concerning the antiquities of divine and human things,1779111, etc.; his threefold division of theology into fabulous, natural, and civil,1780112, etc.; the opinion of, that God is the soul of the world,1781126,1782128; pronounces his own opinions respecting the gods uncertain,1783132; holds the earth to be a goddess,1784134, etc.; his doctrine of the gods not self-consistent,1785139; assigns the reason why Athens was so called,1786365; the opinion of, about the name of Areopagus,1787365,1788366; what he relates of the strange transformations of men,1789369, etc.; on the number of philosophical sects,1790397-1791400, etc; in reference to a celestial portent,1792459; his story of the Vestal virgin falsely accused,1793493; his work on The Origin of the Roman People, quoted in relation to the Palingenesy,1794506.

Vaticanus,179570.

Venilia,1796134.

Venus, a peculiar candelabrum in a temple of,1797456,1798457.

Venus, the planet, a strange prodigy that occurred to,1799459.

Vesta,180069,180170,1802131.

Vestal virgin, a, to prove her innocence, carries water in a seive from the Tiber,1803493.

Vestal virgins, the punishment of those caught in adultery,180445.

Vice, not nature, contrary to God, and hurtful,1805227.

Vicissitudes of life, the, on what dependent,180637, etc.

Victoria, the goddess,180772; ought she to be worshipped as well as Jove?180873.

Virgil, quoted, 1, 2, 3, 4,180913,181037,181142,181244,181348.181450,181594,1816127,1817128,1818138,1819156,1820157,1821181,1822193,1823198,1824201,1825264,1826368,1827444,1828457,1829463,1830471.

Virgin Mary, the,1831354.

Virgins, the violation of, by force, does not contaminate,183212.

Virtue and Faith, honored by the Romans with temples,183373,183474; the Romans ought to have been content with, and Felicity,183574; the war waged by,1836354.

Virtues, as disgraceful to make them serve human glory as to serve bodily pleasure,1837102; true, necessary to true religion,1838418,1839419.

Virtumnus and Sentinus,1840123.

Virtus, the goddess,1841124,1842125.

Vision, the beatific,1843507-1844509.

Vulcan,1845131.

Warfare, the Christian,1846465.

Wars, against the Albans,184749; with Pyrrhus,184854; the Punic,184955, etc.,185056, etc.; the civil, of the Gracchi,185159; the civil, between Marius and Sylla,185260, etc.; the Gothic and Gallic,185361; severe and frequent, before the advent of Christ,185461; the duration of various,1855103; with Radagaisus,1856104; the miseries of,1857405.

Waters, the separation of the,1858225.

Wicked, the, the ills which alone are feared by,185943; God makes a good use of,1860392; going out to see the punishment of,1861442; the end of,1862420; and the good, one event befalls, 5,1863422; the connection of, and the good together, 6.

Wickedness, not a flaw of nature,1864471.

Will, the consent of, to an evil deed, makes the deed evil,186512; is it ruled by necessity?186692; the enemies of God are so by,1867227,1868229; no efficient cause of an evil,1869230; the misdirected love by which it fell away from the immutable to the mutable good,1870230; whether the angels received their good, from God,1871231; the character of, makes the affections of the soul right or wrong,1872266, etc.; free in the state of perfect felicity,1873510.

Will of God, the eternal and unchangeable,1874480.

Wisdom, described in the Book of Proverbs,1875358.

Wisdom, the Book of, a prophecy of Christ in,1876357.

Wives, how the Romans obtained their first,187748.

Woman, shall she retain her sex in the resurrection?1878495; the formation of, from a rib of sleeping Adam, a type,1879496.

World, the, not eternal,1880206; the infinite ages before, not to be comprehended,1881207; and time, had both one beginning1882208; falseness of the history which ascribes many thousand years to the past existence of,1883232; of those who hold a plurality of worlds,1884233; predictions respecting the end of,1885444, etc.

Worlds without end, or ages of ages,1886238, etc.

Wonders, lying,1887484

Worm, the, that dieth not,1888443,1889461.

Worship of God, distinction between latria and dulia,1890180,1891181,1892182, etc.

Xenocrates,1893152.

Years, in the time of the antediluvians,1894292, etc.,1895295, etc.; in the words, "their days shall be an hundred and twenty years,"1896305, etc.; the thousand, of the Book of Revelation,1897426; the three and a half, of the Book of Revelation,1898443.

Zoroaster,1899464.

Notes

  1. 1377

    .

  2. 1378

    .

  3. 1379

    .

  4. 1380

    .

  5. 1381

    .

  6. 1382

    Ch. 24.

  7. 1383

    , .

  8. 1384

    .

  9. 1385

    .

  10. 1386

    .

  11. 1387

    "Apud inferos," i.e. in hell, in the sense in which the word is used in the Psalms and in the Creed.

  12. 1388

    .

  13. 1389

    .

  14. 1390

    .

  15. 1391

    .

  16. 1392

    .

  17. 1393

    .

  18. 1394

    .

  19. 1395

    .

  20. 1396

    .

  21. 1397

    .

  22. 1398

    .

  23. 1399

    .

  24. 1400

    Augustin therefore read neikos, and not with the Vulgate nike. [The correct reading is to nikos, later form for nike, victory.—P.S.]

  25. 1401

    l Cor. xv. 55.

  26. 1402

    .

  27. 1403

    . The whole passage is quoted by Augustin.

  28. 1404

    . Whole passage given in the Latin. In ver. 3 refuga is used instead of the Vulgate's discessio.

  29. 1405

    Augustin adds the words, "Sicut dicimus, Sedet in amicum, id ett, velut amicus; vel si quid aliud isto locutionis genere dici solet."

  30. 1406

    Suetonius' Nero, c. 57.

  31. 1407

    , .

  32. 1408

    .

  33. 1409

    .

  34. 1410

    .

  35. 1411

    .

  36. 1412

    .

  37. 1413

    .

  38. 1414

    , .

  39. 1415

    .

  40. 1416

    .

  41. 1417

    .

  42. 1418

    .

  43. 1419

    .

  44. 1420

    .

  45. 1421

    .

  46. 1422

    .

  47. 1423

    .

  48. 1424

    .

  49. 1425

    Song of Sol. ii. 5.

  50. 1426

    .

  51. 1427

    .

  52. 1428

    .

  53. 1429

    As the Vulgate: cadavera virorum.

  54. 1430

    Here Augustin inserts the remark, "Who does not see that cadavera (carcases) are so called from cadendo (falling)?"

  55. 1431

    .

  56. 1432

    .

  57. 1433

    .

  58. 1434

    .

  59. 1435

    . Passage cited at length.

  60. 1436

    .

  61. 1437

    .

  62. 1438

    , and xxii. 18.

  63. 1439

    .

  64. 1440

    .

  65. 1441

    .

  66. 1442

    .

  67. 1443

    .

  68. 1444

    .

  69. 1445

    , .

  70. 1446

    .

  71. 1447

    Æneid, ii. 694.

  72. 1448

    .

  73. 1449

    .

  74. 1450

    .

  75. 1451

    Ch. 21.

  76. 1452

    .

  77. 1453

    .

  78. 1454

    Ch. 6.

  79. 1455

    .

  80. 1456

    In his Proem. ad Mal.

  81. 1457

    See Smith's Bible Dict.

  82. 1458

    . Whole passage quoted.

  83. 1459

    .

  84. 1460

    .

  85. 1461

    .

  86. 1462

    .

  87. 1463

    .

  88. 1464

    .

  89. 1465

    Wisd. i. 9.

  90. 1466

    , .

  91. 1467

    ; .

  92. 1468

    .

  93. 1469

    .

  94. 1470

    , .

  95. 1471

    .

  96. 1472

    In innocentibus.

  97. 1473

  98. 1474

    , .

  99. 1475

    .

  100. 1476

    ; .

  101. 1477

    .

  102. 1478

    .

  103. 1479

    , .

  104. 1480

    .

  105. 1481

    .

  106. 1482

    .

  107. 1483

    .

  108. 1484

    .

  109. 1485

    .

  110. 1486

    , .

  111. 1487

    So the Vulgate.

  112. 1488

    .

  113. 1489

    .

  114. 1490

    .

  115. 1491

    , .

  116. 1492

    .

  117. 1493

    .

  118. 1494

    .

  119. 1495

    .

  120. 1496

    .

  121. 1497

    Æneid, vi. 733.

  122. 1498

    Ch. 3, 5, 6.

  123. 1499

    Aristotle does not affirm it as a fact observed by himself, but as a popular tradition (Hist. anim. v. 19). Pliny is equally cautious (Hist. nat. xxix. 23). Dioscorides declared the thing impossible (ii. 68).—Saisset.

  124. 1500

    So Lucretius, ii. 1025: "Sed neque tam facilis res ulla 'st, quin ea primum Difficilismagis ad credendum constet: itemque Nil adeomagnum, nec tam mirabile quicquam Principis, quod non minuant mirarier omnes Paulatim."

  125. 1501

    Alluded to by Moore in his Melodies: "The fount that played In times of old through Ammon's shade, Though icy cold by day it ran, Yet still, like souls of mirth, began To burn when night was near."

  126. 1502

    Æneid, iv. 487-491.

  127. 1503

    See the same collocation of words in Cic. Nat. deor. ii. 3.

  128. 1504

    The etymologies given here by Augustin are, "monstra," a monstrando; "ostenta," ab ostendendo; "portenta," a portendendo, i.e. præostendendo; "prodigia," quod porro dicant, i.e. futura prædicant.

  129. 1505

    .

  130. 1506

    .

  131. 1507

    .

  132. 1508

    .

  133. 1509

    Ecclus. vii. 17.

  134. 1510

    .

  135. 1511

    , .

  136. 1512

    .

  137. 1513

    .

  138. 1514

    .

  139. 1515

    "Talio," i.e. the rendering of like for like, the punishment being exactly similar to the injury sustained.

  140. 1516

    .

  141. 1517

    .

  142. 1518

    Remanerent. But Augustin constantly uses the imp. for the plup. subjunctive.

  143. 1519

    Plato's own theory was that punishment had a twofold purpose, to reform and to deter. "No one punishes an offender on account of the past offense, and simply because he has done wrong, but for the sake of the future, that the offense may not be again committed, either by the same person or by any one who has seen him punished."—See the Protagoras, 324, b, and Grote's Plato, ii. 41.

  144. 1520

    Æneid, vi. 733.

  145. 1521

    .

  146. 1522

    Compare Goldsmith's saying, "We begin life in tears, and every day tells us why."

  147. 1523

    Ecclus. xl. 1.

  148. 1524

    .

  149. 1525

    .

  150. 1526

    .

  151. 1527

    "Fari."

  152. 1528

    See Aug. Ep. 98, ad Bonifacium.

  153. 1529

    On the heresy of Origen, see Epiphanius (Epistola ad Joannem Hierosol.); Jerome (Epistola 61, ad Pammachium); and Augustin (De Hæres, 43). Origen's opinion was condemned by Anastasius (Jerome, Apologia adv. Ruffinum and Epistola 78, ad Pammachium), and after Augustin's death by Vigilius and Emperor Justinian, in the Fifth (OEcumenical Council, Nicephorus Callistus, xvii. 27, and the Acts of the Council, iv. 11).—Coquæus.

  154. 1530

    .

  155. 1531

    .

  156. 1532

    .

  157. 1533

    , .

  158. 1534

    .

  159. 1535

    .

  160. 1536

    .

  161. 1537

    .

  162. 1538

    .

  163. 1539

    .

  164. 1540

    , .

  165. 1541

    .

  166. 1542

    .

  167. 1543

    .

  168. 1544

    .

  169. 1545

    .

  170. 1546

    , .

  171. 1547

    [This contains the germ of the doctrine of purgatory, which was afterwards more fully developed by Pope Gregory I., and adopted by the Roman church, but rejected by the Reformers, as unfounded in Scripture, though , and , are quoted in support of it.—P.S.]

  172. 1548

    .

  173. 1549

    , , .

  174. 1550

    .

  175. 1551

    .

  176. 1552

    .

  177. 1553

    .

  178. 1554

    It is the theory which Chrysostom adopts.

  179. 1555

    , .

  180. 1556

    .

  181. 1557

    .

  182. 1558

    .

  183. 1559

    .

  184. 1560

    , .

  185. 1561

    .

  186. 1562

    .

  187. 1563

    .

  188. 1564

    .

  189. 1565

    .

  190. 1566

    , .

  191. 1567

    .

  192. 1568

    .

  193. 1569

    .

  194. 1570

    .

  195. 1571

    .

  196. 1572

    . [This is the chief passage quoted in favor of purgatory. See note on p. 470. The Apostle uses a figurative term for narrow escape from perdition.—P.S.]

  197. 1573

    .

  198. 1574

    .

  199. 1575

    .

  200. 1576

    Ecclus. xxvii. 5.

  201. 1577

    , .

  202. 1578

    .

  203. 1579

    .

  204. 1580

    .

  205. 1581

    .

  206. 1582

    .

  207. 1583

    .

  208. 1584

    .

  209. 1585

    .

  210. 1586

    Ecclus. xxx. 24.

  211. 1587

    Ecclus. xxi. 1.

  212. 1588

    .

  213. 1589

    .

  214. 1590

    .

  215. 1591

    , .

  216. 1592

    .

  217. 1593

    .

  218. 1594

    .

  219. 1595

    .

  220. 1596

    .

  221. 1597

    .

  222. 1598

    .

  223. 1599

    .

  224. 1600

    .

  225. 1601

    .

  226. 1602

    Æn.vi. 664.

  227. 1603

    .

  228. 1604

    .

  229. 1605

    .

  230. 1606

    .

  231. 1607

    .

  232. 1608

    .

  233. 1609

    .

  234. 1610

    .

  235. 1611

    , .

  236. 1612

    .

  237. 1613

    .

  238. 1614

    Another reading has diffamatum, "published."

  239. 1615

    A somewhat fuller account of this miracle is given by Augustin in the Confessions, ix. 16. See also Serm. 286, and Ambrose, Ep. 22. A translation of this epistle in full is given in Isaac Taylor's Ancient Christianity, ii. 242, where this miracle is taken as a specimen of the so-called miracles of that age, and submitted to a detailed examination. The result arrived at will be gathered from the following sentence: "In the Nicene Church, so lax were the notions of common morality, and in so feeble a manner did the fear of God influence the conduct of leading men, that, on occasions when the Church was to be served, and her assailants to be confounded, they did not scruple to take upon themselves the contrivance and execution of the most degrading impostures."—P. 270. It is to be observed, however, that Augustin was, at least in this instance, one of the deceived. [On Augustin's views on post-apostolic miracles see Card. Newman, Essay on Miracles, Nitzsch, Augustinus Lehre vom Wunder (Berlin, 1865) and Schaff, Church History, vol. iii. 460, sqq.—P.S.]

  240. 1616

    Alypius was a countryman of Augustin, and one of his most attached friends. See the Confessions, passim.

  241. 1617

    Cleros.

  242. 1618

    Easter and Whitsuntide were the common seasons for administering baptism, though no rule was laid down till towards the end of the sixth century. Tertullian thinks these the most appropriate times, but says that every time is suitable. See Turtull, de Baptismo, c. 19.

  243. 1619

    A town near Carthage.

  244. 1620

    This may possibly mean a Christian.

  245. 1621

    Near Hippo.

  246. 1622

    Augustin's 325th sermon is in honor of these martyrs.

  247. 1623

    See Isaac Taylor's Ancient Christianity, ii. 354.

  248. 1624

    See Augustin's Sermons, 321.

  249. 1625

    Sermon, 322.

  250. 1626

    .

  251. 1627

    C. 18.

  252. 1628

    .

  253. 1629

    .

  254. 1630

    .

  255. 1631

  256. 1632

    .

  257. 1633

    .

  258. 1634

    .

  259. 1635

    .

  260. 1636

    .

  261. 1637

    .

  262. 1638

    .

  263. 1639

    .

  264. 1640

    .

  265. 1641

    .

  266. 1642

    .

  267. 1643

    .

  268. 1644

    Another reading is, "Head over all the Church."

  269. 1645

    , .

  270. 1646

    .

  271. 1647

    .

  272. 1648

    .

  273. 1649

    Cic. Tusc. Quæst. i. 27.

  274. 1650

    .

  275. 1651

    .

  276. 1652

    .

  277. 1653

    Ecclus. xxx. 12.

  278. 1654

    .

  279. 1655

    .

  280. 1656

    .

  281. 1657

    .

  282. 1658

    .

  283. 1659

    .

  284. 1660

    .

  285. 1661

    .

  286. 1662

    Coaptatio, a word coined by Augustin, and used by him again in the De Trin. iv. 2.

  287. 1663

    .

  288. 1664

    He apparently has in view the celebrated passage in the opening of the second book of Lucretius. The uses made of this passage are referred to by Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, i. 74.

  289. 1665

    .

  290. 1666

    VideBook xviii. c. 53.

  291. 1667

    Virg. Æn. vi. 751.

  292. 1668

    In the Republic, x.

  293. 1669

    .

  294. 1670

    , .

  295. 1671

    .

  296. 1672

    .

  297. 1673

    .

  298. 1674

    .

  299. 1675

    , .

  300. 1676

    .

  301. 1677

    .

  302. 1678

    , .

  303. 1679

    .

  304. 1680

    .

  305. 1681

    .

  306. 1682

    , .

  307. 1683

    . [Rev. Vers.; "from my flesh," with the margin: "without my flesh."—P.S.]

  308. 1684

    .

  309. 1685

    .

  310. 1686

    .

  311. 1687

    Wisd. ix. 14.

  312. 1688

    .

  313. 1689

    .

  314. 1690

    .

  315. 1691

    Numbers.

  316. 1692

    .

  317. 1693

    .

  318. 1694

    Or, the former to a state of probation, the latter to a state of reward.

  319. 1695

    .

  320. 1696

    , .

  321. 1697

    .

  322. 1698

    .

  323. 1699

    .

  324. 1700

    .

  325. 1701

    [On Augustin's view of the millennium and the first resurrection, see Bk. xx. 6-10.—P.S.]

  326. 1702

    Bk. iii. chap. 25.

  327. 1703

    Chap. 8.

  328. 1704

    Bk. ii. chap. 8.

  329. 1705

    .

  330. 1706

    Book. ii. chap. 28. See p. 547.

  331. 1707

    This book is among the lost works of Ambrose.

  332. 1708

    .

  333. 1709

    .

  334. 1710

  335. 1711

    .

  336. 1712

    .

  337. 1713

    .

  338. 1714

    , .

  339. 1715

    .

  340. 1716

    .

  341. 1717

    .

  342. 1718

    , etc.; xx. 34, etc.

  343. 1719

    .

  344. 1720

    .

  345. 1721

    .

  346. 1722

    .

  347. 1723

    .

  348. 1724

    .

  349. 1725

    .

  350. 1726

    .

  351. 1727

    .

  352. 1728

    Compare with .

  353. 1729

    ; .

  354. 1730

    Compare with xviii. 18.

  355. 1731

    .

  356. 1732

    .

  357. 1733

    . Compare ; .

  358. 1734

    (LXX.).

  359. 1735

    .

  360. 1736

    .

  361. 1737

    .

  362. 1738

    .

  363. 1739

    , foll.

  364. 1740

    .

  365. 1741

    , .

  366. 1742

    .

  367. 1743

    (LXX.).

  368. 1744

    .

  369. 1745

    .

  370. 1746

    .

  371. 1747

    .

  372. 1748

    Philem. 20.

  373. 1749

    .

  374. 1750

    A.V. possessed.

  375. 1751

    .

  376. 1752

    Comp. .

  377. 1753

    .

  378. 1754

    .

  379. 1755

    .

  380. 1756

    .

  381. 1757

    .

  382. 1758

    See Book i. 519.

  383. 1759

    ; .

  384. 1760

    .

  385. 1761

  386. 1762

    .

  387. 1763

    Comp. .

  388. 1764

    See Book 1. c. 22.

  389. 1765

    Fortitudo.

  390. 1766

    Consilium misericordiæ.

  391. 1767

    .

  392. 1768

    ; .

  393. 1769

    .

  394. 1770

    That is, Ezra and Nehemiah.

  395. 1771

    Augustin in his Retractations withdrew this opinion so far as regards the book of Wisdom.

  396. 1772

    This application of the phrase "Old Testament" is withdrawn and apologized for in the Retractations.

  397. 1773

    Bovem triturantem non infrenabis.—.

  398. 1774

    , "And that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh" (A.V.).

  399. 1775

    Et domesticos seminis tui ne despexeris.

  400. 1776

    Et carnem tuam ne despexeris.

  401. 1777

    .

  402. 1778

    , "If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established" (A.V.).

  403. 1779

    Nisi credideritis, non intelligetis.

  404. 1780

    Nisi credideritis, non permanebitis.

  405. 1781

    .

  406. 1782

    .

  407. 1783

    Wisd. iv. 3.

  408. 1784

    Adulterinæ plantationes non dabunt radices altas.

  409. 1785

    Vitulamina.

  410. 1786

    Comp. .

  411. 1787

    "And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in."— (A.V.).

  412. 1788

    "But upon himself shall my holiness flourish."— (see LXX.). "But upon himself shall his crown flourish" (A.V.).

  413. 1789

    "Because the foolishness of God is wiser than men, and the weakness of God is stronger than men" ().

  414. 1790

    "What is foolish of God is wiser of men, and what is weak of God is stronger of men."

  415. 1791

    The translation here referred to is the Vetus Latina, as revised by the Church of Northern Italy in the fourth century, prior to the final recension of Jerome, commonly called the Vulgate.

  416. 1792

    Among these are Justin Martyr, Irenæus, and Clemens Alexandrinus. Comp. Augustin, De Civ. Dei, xviii. 43, and Epp. 71 and 75.

  417. 1793

    .

  418. 1794

    .

  419. 1795

    .

  420. 1796

    .

  421. 1797

    .

  422. 1798

    .

  423. 1799

    ; ; .

  424. 1800

    .

  425. 1801

    .

  426. 1802

    .

  427. 1803

    .

  428. 1804

    Wisd. xiii. 9.

  429. 1805

    .

  430. 1806

    Comp. .

  431. 1807

    , comp. Ecclus. xlvi. 20.

  432. 1808

    Ventriloqua femina. The woman with a familiar spirit to whom Saul resorted in his extremity is called in the Septuagint translation engastrimuthos. See .

  433. 1809

    .

  434. 1810

    , .

  435. 1811

    See Tylor's Early History of Mankind, pp. 42, 43.

  436. 1812

    See above, chap. xi.

  437. 1813

    Notæ.

  438. 1814

    Notarii.

  439. 1815

    .

  440. 1816

    .

  441. 1817

    See above, chap. xvi.

  442. 1818

    Augustin himself corrected this mistake. Retractations, ii. 4.

  443. 1819

    Qui sophistice loquitur, odibilis est. Ecclus. xxxvii. 20.

  444. 1820

    , .

  445. 1821

    Intelligibiles numeri.

  446. 1822

    Ne quid nimis.—Terence, Andria, act i. scene 1.

  447. 1823

    , ; , .

  448. 1824

    .

  449. 1825

    .

  450. 1826

    .

  451. 1827

    .

  452. 1828

    .

  453. 1829

    , .

  454. 1830

    .

  455. 1831

    , .

  456. 1832

    Ossa humiliata, Vulgate.

  457. 1833

    See Book ii. chap.x.

  458. 1834

    , .

  459. 1835

    In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and God was.

  460. 1836

    This Word was in the beginning with God.

  461. 1837

    And the Word was God.

  462. 1838

    The same was in the beginning with God.

  463. 1839

    .

  464. 1840

    The Vulgate reads, multo magis melius, omitting the enim.

  465. 1841

    , .

  466. 1842

    .

  467. 1843

    , .

  468. 1844

    Percontatio.

  469. 1845

    Interrogatio.

  470. 1846

    The English language has no two words expressing the shades of meaning assigned by Augustin to percontatio and interrogatio respectively.

  471. 1847

    .

  472. 1848

    .

  473. 1849

    . "My substance was not hid from Thee when I was made in secret" (A.V.).

  474. 1850

    My bone was not hid from Thee.

  475. 1851

    .

  476. 1852

    . "Therefore, brethren, we were comforted over you" (A.V.).

  477. 1853

    .

  478. 1854

    .

  479. 1855

    . The word paidagogos means strictly not a schoolmaster, but a servant who takes children to school.

  480. 1856

    , .

  481. 1857

    Claudian.

  482. 1858

    .

  483. 1859

    Flagitium.

  484. 1860

    Facinus.

  485. 1861

    .

  486. 1862

    .

  487. 1863

    .

  488. 1864

    .

  489. 1865

    .

  490. 1866

    . Comp. Tobit iv. 15.

  491. 1867

    .

  492. 1868

    ; , .

  493. 1869

    . Comp. .

  494. 1870

    Ecclus. xii. 4. Comp. Tobit iv. 17.

  495. 1871

    Ecclus. vii. 27.

  496. 1872

    , , .

  497. 1873

    .

  498. 1874

    Tobit viii. 5-7.

  499. 1875

    Comp. ; ; .

  500. 1876

    .

  501. 1877

    .

  502. 1878

    ; .

  503. 1879

    .

  504. 1880

    Comp. and .

  505. 1881

    ; .

  506. 1882

    .

  507. 1883

    .

  508. 1884

    .

  509. 1885

    .

  510. 1886

    .

  511. 1887

    .

  512. 1888

    .

  513. 1889

    .

  514. 1890

    .

  515. 1891

    .

  516. 1892

    .

  517. 1893

    .

  518. 1894

    .

  519. 1895

    l Thess. v. 8.

  520. 1896

    The word piscina (literally a fish-pond) was used in post-Augustan times for any pool of water, a swimming pond, for instance, or a pond for cattle to drink from.

  521. 1897

    Quod minime luceat.

  522. 1898

    .

  523. 1899

    (LXX.). "As a bridegroom decketh himself with ornaments, and as a bride adorneth herself with jewels" (A.V.).

Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series I, Volume 2, ed. Philip Schaff (1886–89). Public domain. Text from the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.